Sports Science - Chapter 1 (Anatomy)

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All the content you need to know for topic 1 sports science IB.

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55 Terms

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axial skeleton

ribs, sternum, vertebral column, skull

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vertebral column

(from the top) cervical, thoracic, lumbar, sacral (fused), coccyx (fused)

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appendicular skeleton

all bones but the ribs, sternum, skull and vertebral column

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(function of bones) - support and maintenance

the skeleton provides a framework for the body

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(function of bones) - protection of vital organs

ribcage surrounds the heart and lungs, the pelvic girdle protects the reproductive organs, skull protects the brain

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(function of bones) - provides attachment points for muscles

bone and muscle are attached by tendons, muscles and tendons contract causing movement at the joints

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(function of bones) - storage and release of minerals (calcium and phosphorus)

bones store calcium and phosphorus which are important for muscle contraction and nerve activity, they are released into the blood to maintain mineral homeostasis and are distributed around the body

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(function of bones) - blood cell production

erythrocytes, leukocytes and platelets are produced in red bone marrow, usually located in flat bones

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(function of bones) - storage of energy

lipids are stored in adipose tissue in the yellow bone marrow, which is found in the hollow core of bones, especially long bones. lipids provide important energy reserves.

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differences between appendicular and axial skeletons

axial skeleton provides protection to vital organs, whereas the appendicular skeleton provides more attachment points for muscles, which allows the body to engage in movement

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long bone

bones that are longer than they are wide, with a shaft and two ends e.g., femur, humerus, and tibia

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short bones

bones that are as long as they are wide, providing support and stability, as well as limited motion e.g., bones in the wrist (carpals) and ankle (tarsals)

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flat bones

thin cancellous bone that is sandwiched by 2 layers of compact bone, providing protection and a large surface area for muscle attachment e.g., scapula, ribs and sternum

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irregular bones

irregular bones do not have a specific shape or pattern e.g., the vertebral column

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inferior

below or further away from the head

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superior

above or closer to the head

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proximal

nearer to where a limb attaches to the body

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distal

further away from where a limb attaches to the body

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posterior

behind or nearer to the back

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anterior

forward or closer to the front

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internal

located inside or inside the surface

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external

located outside or outside the surface

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lateral

located away from the midline

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medial

located close to the midline

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tendons

connects muscle to bone

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ligaments

connects bone to bone

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cartilage

prevents the end of bones rubbing together at joints

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joint

a joint occurs where 2 or more bones articulate (come into contact)

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fibrous joint

thin layer of fibrous tissue connecting two bone, continuous with the periosteum, no movement is allowed e.g., skull

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cartilaginous joint

bones that are separated by a fibrocartilage disc (thicker, stiffer cartilage) or by a thick layer of hyaline cartilage (softer), limited movement, e.g., sternum

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synovial joint

most common joint in the body and important for mobility, large amount of movement permitted

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hinge joint

allow movement in one direction (like a door hinge) e.g., knee and elbow

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saddle joint

allows movement in two planes, formed by the articulation of two bones that have concave and convex surfaces resembling a saddle e.g., the joint between the thumb and the wrist

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condyloid joint

allows for movement in two planes, permits flexion, extension, abduction, adduction, and circumduction movements, e.g., wrist

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pivot joint

allows for rotation and movement in multiple directions e.g., between radius and ulna (forearm), neck

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gliding joint

allows bones to glide or slide past each other e.g., wrists, ankles, and between the vertebrae of the spine

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ball and socket joint

the rounded head of one bone fits into the concave socket of another bone, allows for a wide range of motion in multiple directions e.g., the shoulder and hip joints

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synovial fluid

reduces the friction between the articular cartilage of synovial joints during movement

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bursae

tiny, slippery sacs of fluid that facilitate the gliding movement by providing a thin cushion and reducing friction between the surfaces

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articular capsule

a dense fibrous connective tissue that is attached to the bones via special attachment zones and forms a sleeve around the joint

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periosteum

thin, shiny white membrane that forms the outer lining of bones and is important for bone growth, repair, nutrition and attachment of ligaments and tendons

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joint cavity

filled with synovial fluid, made up of an outer layer of a fibrous membrane which keeps the bones together structurally and an inner layer (synovial membrane) which seals the synovial fluid

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articular (hyaline) cartilage

smooth, white tissue that covers the end of bones where they come together to form joints, allows the bones to glide over each other with very little friction, can be damaged

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synovial membrane

a layer of connective tissue that lines the cavities of joints, tendon sheaths and bursae, makes synovial fluid

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contractibility (muscle characteristic)

the ability of a muscle to contract forcefully

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extensibility (muscle characteristic)

ability for muscle to lengthen beyond its normal resting length

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elasticity (muscle characteristic)

ability for muscle to recoil back to its original length after stretching

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atrophy (muscle characteristic)

the decrease of muscle size due to the lack of exercising the muscle

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controlled by nerve stimuli (muscle characteristic)

this allows movement to occur (motor neurons)

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fed by capillaries (muscle characteristic)

these supply nutrients and oxygen and removes waste

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skeletal muscle

under voluntary control, has a striated appearance, has tendons that attaches to bone, main function is movement of the skeleton

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cardiac muscle

under involuntary control, striated appearance, makes up the thicker middle layer of the heart, contractions like pregnancy

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smooth muscle

lines the walls of blood vessels and hollow organs such as the stomach and intestines, involuntary muscle contraction

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origin

the attachment of a muscle tendon to a stationary bone

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insertion

the attachment of a muscle tendon to a moveable bone