AMINO ACID CATABOLISM: FIRST PHASE

• transamination

• oxidative deamination

• urea cycle

the first phase consists of 3 main components:

AMINO ACID CATABOLISM: FIRST PHASE

Removal of the amino group (deamination), forming ammonia and a corresponding α-keto acid

Removal ; ammonia ; α-keto acid

(AMINO ACID CATABOLISM: FIRST PHASE) ___ of the amino group (deamination), forming ___ and a corresponding ____

AMINO ACID CATABOLISM: FIRST PHASE

Ammonia may be excreted as free ammonia in urine and stool, but the majority is converted to urea

free ammonia ; urea

(AMINO ACID CATABOLISM: FIRST PHASE) Ammonia may be excreted as ___ in urine and stool, but the majority is converted to ___

TRANSAMINATION

Amino acids transfer their amino group to α-ketoglutarate, resulting in the formation of glutamate

TRANSAMINATION

Transferring an amino group from one amino acid to another molecule

TRANSAMINATION

___ primarily happens in the liver. But it can also occur in different organs, such as the intestines, the kidneys, and importantly, the muscles

alanine ; aspartate

(TRANSAMINATION) The most common amino acids involved in this process are ___ and __

α-ketoglutarate ; glutamate

(TRANSAMINATION) Amino acids transfer their amino group to ___, resulting in the formation of ___

liver ; intestines ; kidneys ; muscles

(TRANSAMINATION) Transamination primarily happens in the ____. But it can also occur in different organs, such as the ____, the ___, and importantly, the ___.

aminotransferase

(TRANSAMINATION) enzyme

pyridoxal phosphate

(TRANSAMINATION) coenzyme

AMINOTRANSFERASE

It is the enzyme that makes transamination possible.

AMINOTRANSFERASE

• These enzymes are mainly located intracellularly

• Ideally, it is not supposed to be found in the blood.

alanine aminotransferase (ALT) ; aspartate aminotransferase (AST)

(TRANSAMINATION) In the hospital, _____ and _____ are sometimes tested. These enzymes are very rich in the liver (inside hepatocytes).

liver damage

(TRANSAMINATION) If there are elevated levels of ALT and AST in the blood, it indicates ___, wherein these enzymes leak out of the hepatocytes and go to the blood.

carbon skeleton ; alpha-keto acid.

(TRANSAMINATION) An amino group is attached to alanine or aspartate. When it transfers its amino group to alpha-ketoglutarate, your amino acid, taking away the amino group, becomes the ____ or an ____

alpha-ketoglutarate ; glutamate

(TRANSAMINATION) When we transferred the amino group to ___, alpha-ketoglutarate became an amino acid, which is ___

Glutamate ; Alanine

(TRANSAMINATION) ___ and ___ played a very important role in the transport of ammonia.

glutamate

The end product in the transamination process is the formation of ___, which carries the amino group and ammonia into the liver.

oxidative deamination

Glutamate released from both the muscles and the intestines enters the liver through the bloodstream, where it undergoes ____

glutamate dehydrogenase ; ammonium

(OXIDATIVE DEAMINATION) So, once glutamate arrives at the liver, it reacts with water through the enzyme ___ to release the amino group, wherein it becomes ___.

UREA CYCLE

Conversion of the body’s nitrogenous waste to urea

HCO3 (Bicarbonate)

(UREA CYCLE) In the urea cycle, the very first step of the urea cycle is utilizing ammonium and pairing it with ____

liver

(UREA CYCLE) The urea cycle only occurs inside the ___

urea

(UREA CYCLE) The end product of the urea cycle is ___

less toxic form

(UREA CYCLE) Urea is the ____ of ammonium and can freely excrete urea in the urine.

alanine, aspartate and glutamate.

(TRANSAMINATION) The most common and important amino acids involved are ____ , ____ , ____

pyruvate

(TRANSAMINATION) When removing the amino group of alanine, it becomes its alpha-keto acid or the carbon skeleton, which is called ____

oxaloacetate ; aspartate

(TRANSAMINATION) The alpha-keto acid form of aspartate is ____. And once you transfer the amino group, it becomes ____