LSU BIOL 1202 (Pomarico) - Final Exam

What is not a good support of evolution?

Fossils

Who placed fossils in an evolutionary context?

Lamarck

________ traits can be passed along to the next generation

Acquired

Adaptation by _________, not by individual

Population

Survival is not usually random, but is largely dependent upon heritable traits

Survival of the Fittest

__________ picks the phenotypes that will survive

Nature

The result of ___________ is the adaptation of organisms to their environment

Natural Selection

________ arise by chance

Variations (Mutations)

What are the two requirements that are needed to insure that natural selection occurs?

1. Excess of offspring

2. Variation in the population

_________ changes accumulated in each generation can result in major changes over evolutionary time

Small

_________ are the oldest forms of life and also known as the simplest organisms

Prokaryotes

Structures that have similarity due to convergent evolution rather than to descent from a common ancestor with the same traits

Analogous Structures

Structures that are similar because of common ancestry

Homologous Structures

Structures that look different but have the same function

EX: insect wing & bird wing

Analogous Structures

Structures that look the same but have different functions

EX: cat arm & human arm

Homologous Structures

The changing of an organism over time is supported by observations from _____________

Artificial Selection

Selective breeding encourages ________ traits

Desirable

What is a good example of artificial selection?

Dogs

Who has the greatest fitness?

Whoever has the most offspring

___________ are the smallest relevant evolutionary unit

Populations

During __________ and __________ will not alter the overall genetic makeup of a population

Meiosis

Fertilization

Will the segregation and recombination of alleles during meiosis and fertilization alter the genetic makeup of a population?

No

What are the 5 conditions needed to maintain the equilibrium (and stop evolution from occurring)?

1. No mutations

2. No gene flow

3. Large population

4. Random mating

5. No natural selection

What is not a reason for genetic changes in individuals?

Natural Selection

What is the only new source of alleles?

Mutations

________ can cause evolution by transferring alleles between populations

Gene Flow

________ is evolution by chance

EX: Flowers

Genetic Drift

Only a smaller number of the population moves forward

EX: Disease wiping out 90% of the population

Bottleneck Effect

A few individuals colonize a new habitat, so new forms of natural selection occur due to new environmental pressures (such as genetic drift)

Founder Effect

Direct competition among individuals of one sex (usually males) for mates of the opposite sex

Intrasexual Selection

Individuals of one sex (usually females) are choosy in selecting their mates from individuals of the other sex (mate choice)

Intersexual Selection

Which mode of natural selection shifts the population toward one extreme?

Directional

Which mode of natural selection shifts the population toward both extremes?

Disruptive

Which mode of natural selection reduces the phenotypic variation and disfavors the two extremes?

Stabilizing

In diploid individuals, who has an advantage?

EX: Sickle Cell Anemia/Malaria

Heterozygous

Immigration IN of individuals into a population will not upset the equilibrium if?

They are beyond the age of reproduction

Two species of pine trees grow in the same habitat but release their pollen at different times of the year. What kind of reproductive barrier is this?

Temporal (Pre-Zygotic)

Which of the following is a common first step in the process of allopatric speciation?

Geographic Isolation

Many species were originally distinguished by ___________

Morphology

What species category is distinguished by the ability to reproduce?

Biological

What species category is distinguished by structural evidence to the molecular level?

Morphological

What species category is distinguished by behavior?

Ecological

What species category is distinguished by a common ancestor

Phylogenetic

How do you tell a species apart if they are asexual?

Morphology

Which way of defining a species has a big grey area?

Phylogenetic

What are the main two components of speciation?

1. Isolation of the population

2. Genetic diversity (mutations)

Barrier that prevents populations from interbreeding but if the species are put together they mate

Geographic

Barrier that causes isolation because of where they choose to live

EX: tree tops vs. forest floor

Ecological

Barrier that prevents breeding due to the breeding seasons occurring at different times

Temporal

Barrier that occurs due to doing the wrong type of mating dance, building the wrong type of nest, etc.

Behavioral

Barrier that occurs because the "parts" don't fit

Mechanical

Barrier that occurs because the sperm and egg aren't chemically matched

Gametic

Barrier that occurs because the offspring are weak or lack survival skills

Reduced Hybrid Viability

Barrier that occurs because the hybrid is sterile or has greatly diminished fertility

Reduced Hybrid Fertility

Barrier that occurs because the initial hybrid is viable and fertile but there are issues with the subsequent generations

Hybrid Breakdown

A mode of speciation induced when an ancestral population becomes segregated by a geographic barrier or is itself divided into two or more geographically isolated subpopulations

Allopatric Speciation

A mode of speciation occurring as a result of radical change in the genome of subpopulation, reproductively isolating the subpopulation from the parent population

Sympatric Speciation

Speciation that takes place as a result of radical mutations (common among plants)

Polyploidy

Regions where two related populations that diverged after becoming geographically isolated make secondary contact and interbreed where their geographic ranges overlap

Hybrids

Oldest fossils are likely buried the ________

Deepest

Give the order from oldest to youngest:

- Oxygen

- Multicellular Eukaryotes

- Eukaryotes

- Earth

- Prokaryotes

1. Earth

2. Prokaryotes

3. Oxygen

4. Eukaryotes

5. Multicellular Eukaryotes

How do prokaryotes reproduce?

Binary Fission

What causes new speciation (geneses)

Mass Extinction

Which Of The Following Evolve?

A. Populations

B. Genera

C. Kingdoms

D. Phyla

E. Individuals

A. Populations

New Alleles Arise By

A. Mutation

B. Migration

C. Genetic Drift

D. Random Mating

E. Independent Assortment

A. Mutation

The Hardy-Weinberg Formula

A. Is Useful In Determining The Extent To Which A Sexually Reproducing Population Is Evolving

B. Is Used To Predict When Genetic Drift Will Occur In A Sexually Reproducing Population

C. Is Useful In Determining The Extent To Which Polyploidy Is Occurring In Specific Plant Populations

D. Is Used To Predict When Specific Groups Of Organisms Will Become Extinct

E. All Of These

A. Is Useful In Determining The Extent To Which A Sexually Reproducing Population Is Evolving

Which Statement Is Not True?

A. Migration Leads To Genetic Variation.

B. Dominant Genes Always Occur More Frequently In A Population Than Recessive Genes Do.

C. Nonrandom Mating May Result In Changes In Gene Frequency.

D. The Hardy-Weinberg Law Applies To Large, Stable Populations.

E. Crossing Over Increases Variation.

B. Dominant Genes Always Occur More Frequently In A Population Than Recessive Genes Do.

Of The Following, Which Does Not Characterize A Population In Hardy-Weinberg Equilibrium?

A. Large Population Size

B. No Mutation

C. Differential Reproduction

D. Absence Of Gene Flow

E. No Natural Selection

C. Differential Reproduction

If The Frequency Of Expression Of A Recessive Trait In A Population Is 16 Percent, The Frequency Of The Recessive Allele Would Be What Percent?

A. 16

B. 25

C. 40

D. 50

E. 67

C. 40

In The Hardy-Weinberg Equation, The Term Q2 Refers To The Frequency Of

A. A Recessive Allele Of A Given Locus

B. The Homozygous Recessive Genotype At A Given Locus

C. Recessive Alleles In A Population

D. Heterozygotes In A Population

E. The Dominant Phenotype In A Population

B. The Homozygous Recessive Genotype At A Given Locus

If The Frequency Of The Recessive Allele Is 30 Percent, The Frequency Of The Heterozygous Carrier Would Be What Percent?

A. 9

B. 42

C. 60

D. 27

E. 80

B. 42

Of 400 People Who Dwell On A Pacific Island, 16 Are Homozygous Recessive For A Trait That Has Only Two Different Types Of Alleles In The Population. The Number Of Heterozygous People Is

A. 256

B. 32

C. 64

D. 128

E. 384

D. 128

Directional Selection Means That

A. The Environment Controls Which Organisms Will Survive.

B. Humans Determine Which Organisms Will Survive.

C. The Extremes Of The Population Have A Lesser Chance To Survive.

D. The Extremes Of The Population Have A Better Chance To Survive.

E. The Organisms On One Extreme Of The Population Have A Better Chance To Survive Than Those On The Other Extreme.

E. The Organisms On One Extreme Of The Population Have A Better Chance To Survive Than Those On The Other Extreme.

Stabilizing Selection Means That

A. The Environment Controls Which Organisms Will Survive.

B. Humans Determine Which Organisms Will Survive.

C. The Extremes Of The Population Have A Lesser Chance To Survive.

D. The Extremes Of The Population Have A Better Chance To Survive.

E. The Organisms On One Extreme Of The Population Have A Better Chance To Survive Than Those On The Other Extreme.

C. The Extremes Of The Population Have A Lesser Chance To Survive.

In An Unchanging Environment, Selection In A Well-Adapted Population Is Usually

A. Directional

B. Disruptive

C. Stabilizing

D. Absent

E. None Of These

C. Stabilizing

Disruptive Selection Favors

A. The Intermediate Forms

B. An Average Human Birthweight Of Seven Pounds

C. The Extremes Of A Range Of Variation

D. A Greater Number Of Individuals In The Center Of The Bell-Shaped Curve

E. A Shift Toward Higher And Higher Academic Grades

C. The Extremes Of A Range Of Variation

The Hbs Allele (Sickle Cell) Occurs At A Higher Frequency In Africa Than It Does In The United States Because

A. It Is A Dominant Allele In Africa And A Recessive One In The United States.

B. Genetic Recombination Occurs At Different Rates In Different Human Populations.

C. Natural Selection Favors Heterozygotes In Africa, But Favors Homozygous Normal Individuals In The United States.

D. The U.S. Population Is Descended From A Small Group Of Individuals Who Possessed The Allele At A High Frequency.

E. The U.S. Population Is Descended From A Small Group Of Individuals Who Possessed The Allele At A Low Frequency.

C. Natural Selection Favors Heterozygotes In Africa, But Favors Homozygous Normal Individuals In The United States.

The Introduction Of A Small Population Onto An Island That Results In A Limited Gene Pool For A Population Best Describes

A. The Hardy-Weinberg Law

B. Genetic Drift

C. The Bottleneck Effect

D. The Founder Effect

E. The Effect Of Genetic Isolation

D. The Founder Effect

The Influence Of Genetic Drift On Allele Frequencies Increases As

A. Gene Flow Increases.

B. Population Size Decreases.

C. Mutation Rate Decreases.

D. The Number Of Heterozygous Loci Increases.

E. All Of These.

B. Population Size Decreases.

When A Population Goes Through A Bottleneck,

A. Genetic Drift Is Likely To Occur.

B. Mutation Rates Increase.

C. Extinction Rates Decrease.

D. Natural Selection Decreases In Intensity.

E. Mutation Rates Decrease.

A. Genetic Drift Is Likely To Occur.

What Accounts For The Fact That Polydactylism Is Prevalent And Tay-Sachs Disease Is Virtually Absent In One Human Population In The United States, While Tay-Sachs Disease Is Prevalent And Polydactylism Is Virtually Absent In Another?

A. Natural Selection Has Promoted These Differences Since Humans Live In Many Different Environments.

B. Mutation Rates Differ Among Different Loci.

C. There Is Little Gene Flow Between The Two Populations.

D. The Populations Are Small, And Therefore Genetic Drift Is A Major Factor In The Determination Of Allele Frequencies.

E. All Of These.

C. There Is Little Gene Flow Between The Two Populations.

Immigration Of Individuals To A Population In Hardy-Weinberg Equilibrium Will Not Upset The Equilibrium If

A. They Are Beyond The Age Of Reproduction.

B. Females And Males Are In Equal Proportions.

C. They Mate Randomly In The New Population.

D. They Arrive In Large Numbers.

E. They Have Low Mutation Rates.

A. They Are Beyond The Age Of Reproduction.

Two Individuals Are Members Of The Same Species If They

A. Possess The Same Number Of Chromosomes

B. Breed At The Same Time

C. Are Phenotypically Indistinguishable

D. Can Mate And Produce Fertile Offspring

E. Live In The Same Environment

D. Can Mate And Produce Fertile Offspring

The Term "Reproductive Isolation Mechanism" Refers To

A. Specific Areas Where Males Compete Or Display For Females

B. The Process By Which Sexual Selection Evolves Within A Population

C. A Blockage Of Gene Flow Between Populations

D. The Inability Of A Species To Continue Reproduction

E. All Of These

C. A Blockage Of Gene Flow Between Populations

The Primary Reason For Hybrid Sterility Is

A. The Inability Of The Hybrid To Attract A Mate

B. The Difficulty In Finding A Suitable Habitat In Which To Survive

C. That The Hybrids Are Usually Weak And Have Difficulty Surviving To Reproductive Maturity

D. That Hybrids Cannot Produce Viable Gametes

E. The Inability Of The Hybrid To Develop An Appropriate Courtship Pattern

D. That Hybrids Cannot Produce Viable Gametes

Speciation Occurs

A. After Populations Become Reproductively Isolated And Diverge

B. When Mutations Generate Observable Differences

C. When Transitional Forms Develop Among Different Populations

D. When Natural Selection Pressures Reach Their Maximum

E. When Humans Intervene And Establish New Breeds

A. After Populations Become Reproductively Isolated And Diverge

"Seasonal," "Daily," And "Monthly" All Describe Isolation That Can Be Termed

A. Behavioral

B. Temporal

C. Mechanical

D. Gametic

E. Ecological

B. Temporal

Allopatric Speciation Requires

A. Gradual Evolutionary Changes

B. Geographic Isolation

C. Polyploidy

D. Adaptive Radiation

E. Rapid Evolutionary Change

B. Geographic Isolation

The Greatest Contributor(S) To Allopatric Isolation Is(Are)

A. Geographical Barriers

B. Differences In Reproductive Timing

C. Gametic Incompatibility

D. Hybrid Inviability

E. Behavioral Peculiarities

A. Geographical Barriers

58. The Effectiveness Of Geographical Barriers In Promoting Speciation Is Related To The

A. Size Of The Barrier

B. Ability Of The Organisms To Overcome The Barrier

C. Speed At Which The Barrier Forms

D. Duration Of The Barrier Before It Is Torn Down

E. Size Of The Population It Separates

B. Ability Of The Organisms To Overcome The Barrier

Which Is Not Necessary For Sympatric Speciation?

A. Organisms Living Together In Same Location

B. "Same Homeland"

C. Geographical Barriers

D. Existing Interbreeding Population

E. Reproductively Mature Individuals

C. Geographical Barriers

The Speciation Of Cichlids Of The Same African Crater Lake Is An Example Of

A. Divergence

B. Parapatry

C. Gene Flow

D. Allopatry

E. Sympatry

E. Sympatry

Sympatric Speciation Through Polyploidy Has Been A Frequent Phenomenon In The Evolution Of

A. Insects

B. Mammals

C. Bacteria

D. Plants

E. Fish

D. Plants

Which Of The Following Can Result In Instant Speciation?

A. Development Of A Physical Barrier

B Polyploidy

C. Increase In Physical Size

D. Change In Environmental Conditions

E. The Introduction Of A New Predator Into An Area

B Polyploidy

The Border Across Which Genes Can Flow Between Two Populations Is Called The

A. Hybrid Zone

B. Parapatric Zone

C. Zone Of Speciation

D. Demilitarized Zone

E. Zone Of Polyploidy

A. Hybrid Zone

The Punctuation Model Of Evolutionary Change Proposes That Most Morphological Change Occurs

A. Gradually But Without Development Of New Species

B. Rapidly But Without Speciation

C. Gradually During Speciation

D. Rapidly Leading To New Species

D. Rapidly Leading To New Species

Four Of The Five Answers Listed Below Are Characteristics Of An Unchanging, Nonevolving Population. Select The Exception.

A. Random Mating

B. No Mutation

C. Differential Survival

D. No Migration Or Gene Flow

E. Infinitely Large Population

C. Differential Survival

The analytical study of the diversity and relationships of organisms, both present-day and extinct

Systematics

The branch of biology concerned with naming and classifying the diverse forms of life

Taxonomy

What two categories make up the scientific name for the organism?

Genus & Species