History 1020 Test One

Civil War Death Toll

Over 260,000 white men died in the Civil War.

Post-war Southern Wealth

By 1860, the South held 30% of the nation's wealth, which decreased to 13% after the war.

Reconstruction Period

A chaotic and tragic era that was crucial for changing the future of the nation.

Black Codes

State laws placing restrictions on black people, including voting, curfews, and land ownership.

Radical Republicans

A group dedicated to granting voting rights to black people.

Carpetbaggers

Northerners who moved to the South for various reasons, often viewed negatively by Southerners.

Scalawags

Southern whites who sided with Northern ideas, often labeled as traitors.

Compromise of 1877

An agreement that allowed Rutherford B. Hayes to become president in exchange for the withdrawal of federal troops from the South.

Freedmen's Bureau

An agency that provided food, clothing, shelter, and education to recently freed slaves.

Manifest Destiny

The belief that Americans were destined to expand across the continent.

Homestead Act

A law that granted up to 160 acres of land for five years to settlers.

Social Darwinism

The theory that some races are superior to others, leading to the idea of 'survival of the fittest' in society.

Vertical Integration

When a single company takes control of all major economic processes including manufacturing and distribution.

Horizontal Integration

A strategy where a company acquires control over other companies producing the same product.

Knights of Labor

An inclusive labor union that aimed for long-term reforms in American capitalism.

Populist Party

A political party formed by leaders of the Farmers Alliance advocating for reforms like government ownership of utilities.

Atlanta Compromise

Booker T. Washington's speech advocating for black education and economic opportunities without demanding full equality.

Progressivism

Various reform movements aimed at addressing issues created by urban industrial society.

Muckrakers

Investigative journalists who exposed corruption and societal issues during the Progressive Era.

Federal Reserve Act (1913)

Legislation that established the Federal Reserve System to regulate the economy.

Clayton Antitrust Act (1914)

A law aimed at preventing monopolies and promoting fair competition.

USS Maine

The ship whose explosion in Havana Harbor contributed to the outbreak of the Spanish-American War.

Panama Canal

A vital waterway built by the U.S. to ease trade between the Atlantic and Pacific Oceans.