History 1020 Test One
Civil War Recap
260,000+ white men dead after the war
Same amount were maimed or crippled
Wealth out south decrease while the North;s increased
South had 30% of nations wealth by 1860 it had 13%
Average southern family was in debt
Reconstruction
Chaotic, tragic, but very important
Change the kind of nation we would become
Some black families stayed this the people they worked for
White Southerners
Disappointed by war outcome
Voting democrat
Carpetbaggers
Northerners moving to the south for many reasons
To help, to take advantage, etc.
Republican voters
Scalawags
Southerners who sided with northern people and ideas
Usually called traitors
Radical Republicans
Dedicated to allow black people to vote
Two Main Questions
Fate/role of ex-Confederates
Status of the “freedman”
Answer
Surrender and parole agreements when the confederate army surrendered
President Johnson’s amnesty declaration of 1875 (1865)
Blanket amnesty for vast majority of confederates
Excluded officials and such
Each state had to write a constitution that did not allow for secession.
Had to ratify 13th amendment
Presidential Reconstruction (fail) 1865
Series of proclamations amounting to beginning the confederate state back into the union.
Southern states not seated in congress meaning south is not back in the Union
Why did it fail?
White, southern, labor needs
White southern racism, fearful of black people
Southern whites failure to read the north's intentions, mixed signals from the north
Northern racism and hypocrisy
North also did not allow them to vote
Black Codes
State laws or section of constitution that placed restrictions on black people
Did recognize black marriages under law
Restricted from voting
Had curfews
No firearms
couldn't own farmland
Attempt to define what their place with be
Attempt to maintain social order
Only enforced a few months or not at all
Congressional Reconstruction
Ulysses S. Grant elected president in 1868
laws to help blacks gain citizenship
Civil Rights act of 1866
Give full citizenship rights to everyone
Reaction to the black codes
14th Amendment (1868)
States could not deprive anyone of life, liberty or property without due process of the law
Federal government imposing itself between state and citizenship
Reconstruction Acts
Put south under military rule/occupation
Election of 1876
Samuel J. Tilden vs. Rutherford B. Hayes
Popular vote favored Tilden
Electoral favored Hayes
Both sides were cheating
Compromise of 1877
Disputed electoral goes to Hayes
Democrats could name a cabinet member - postmaster general
Major economic aid to the south
Federal troops withdrawn from the south (reconstruction over)
Southern democrats would respect black civil rights
White Southern Viewpoint
Their dream of independence is dead they still want to reassume their rights and retain some control over black labor
Southern elite not allowed to hold congress - very frustrating
Disenfranchisement of confederates
Didn't like the people who did held office - some were black
Were angry about being under military rule
Some carpetbaggers were corrupt causing more problems
Solution - violence
KKK, Knights of the White Camellia, Red Shirts, rifle clubs
Burned, whipped, tar and feathered, intimidated, not not usually kill
Loss of control and status regained through violence
Black Southern Viewpoint
High hopes followed by bitter disappointment
Wanted equal political rights
Wanted land ownership
Wanted education
1865 – just before the end of the war - Freedman’s Bureau
Provided food, clothing, shelter, medical care to recently freed slaves
Taught them to read and write
Had courts which oversaw contracts involving blacks to make sure they didn't get cheated and got a fair trial
Confiscated land divided up to rent and buy after three years (small scale)
Wanted equal rights but began to suffer from white violence
After a few years, the freedmen's bureau ended and philanthropists and blacks had to establish schools themselves - minimal opportunities
Settling The West
Manifest Destiny
White Americans have right and duty to conquer and civilize the rest of the continent
“God ordained”
“Great American Destiny”
Forty-niners
People who went out west in search of gold
Began transforming the west
Dry farming, barbed wire, windmills
Led to rapid settlement of the west
Dry farming: using dust to hold moisture in soil
Barbed wire: kept cows from crops
Windmills: helped with irrigation
Mining: brought people west
Railroads: bringing goods back east, settlers out west
Federal land laws:
Homestead Act
Federal land law passed in 1862
Up to 160 acres for 5 years then the government would give it to you
6th months - could buy from government for $1.25 an acre
400,000 families received land
⅔ failed in their attempt
Vaquero
Spanish for cowboy
Cowboys began as Spaniards
Cowboys were lonely, had a hard life, and were sickly
Bison
Large and roaming the west
Indians depended heavily on them
Obstacle for railroads
Would pay people to kill them
By 1890 they were almost extinct
Native Americans
Also an obstacle for settlement and expansion
Removed them and placed them in OK
Alcoholism was a major issue
They were migratory
Government tried to get them to settle to limit their disturbance
Hostile and peaceful Indians often mistaken causing major problems and retaliation (occurred both ways)
Battle of Little Bighorn (1874)
Custer’s last stand
Indians were successful
George A. Custer
Was idolized but later it was revealed that he was stupid
Sand Creek Massacre (1864)
Wounded Knee (1890)
Most famous
Sioux Indians headed toward a reservation
They were unarmed and set up camp
Attempted to surrender but an accidental discharge led to a massacre
Camp was then attacked and people were chased down
Very shameful
Helen Hunt Jackson, A Century of Dishonor
About American cruelty and hypocrisy toward indians
Acculturation
Settle them on farms and turn them into white men
Individuals instead of a tribe
Dawes Act
Confined Indians to reservations
Land given to Indians in trust
Indian Bureau was put in charge of managing the reservations
By 1890 - no more INdian resistance and no longer a frontier
Laissez faire
Climate of opinion in the late 19th century
Believed in very little government regulation of business
Adam Smith, The Wealth of Nations (1776)
Wabash v. Illinois (1886)
Interstate Commerce Commission Act (1887)
First federal regulatory commission
Controlled certain railroad practices that were unfair
Corporation, limited liability
State gives a business the right to sell stock
Not owned by one person, owned by whoever owns stock
Gives them access to more capital
Owners have limited liability
If corp goes bankrupt, the creditors can’t take everything, just what you invested
Pools (cartels); holding companies
Attempts by companies to protect themselves from competition with each other
Agreements
Holding company
Larger company formed from two or more small ones
Companies are allowed to own other companies
Still occurs today (Disney)
Social Darwinism
Survival of the fittest
Believed that some races were superior to others
Inferior races will eventually die out
Many thought that other races needed education to prevent them from dying out
They also believed this applied to the business world
Sir Herb. Spender, Wm.
Industrialization and Big Business
Andrew Carnegie (1835-1919)
Poor Scottish immigrant
Magnate of the steel industry
philanthropist
Cornelius Vanderbilt
Made his fortune in railroads
Biltmore house
John D. Rockefeller
Founder of standard oil
Monopolized the oil industry
Despised for ruthless business practices
Also a philanthropist
Standard Oil
Oil company founded by Rockefeller
Vertical Integration
All the major economic processes are performed by one company
Processing of raw materials, manufacturing, and selling/distribution, also provide own financing and marketing
Horizontal Integration
Combinations of companies making the same or similar products
Owning all of the oil companies for example
Edward Bellamy
Wrote “Looking Backward”
Calling for socialism
Everyone should collectively own the means of production
Creates a utopian society
Unrealistic in America
Sherman Anti-Trust Act (1890)
Control the spread of monopolies
Outlawed unfair business practices that were “an illegal restraint of trade”
Encourages competition and keeps prices fair
Oligopoly
Few big corporations competing for dominance in each industry
The Response of Labor
National Labor Union
First labor union to establish more fair employment
Knights of Labor
Opened to all workers, not just skilled
Wanted long term reform of American capitalism
Basically wanted watered down socialism
Did not like strikes but did get involved in a RR strike
American Fed. of Labor (AFofL)
Founded in 1886
Composed of skilled workers only
“Bread and Butter Union”
Agitated for specific things
Ex: higher pay, shorter hours, better conditions, etc
Led by Samuel Gompers
Accepted big business was there to stay
RR Strike of 1877
Started in WVA
Several were killed
Strikers viewed as dangerous, unpatriotic and full of immigrants
Haymarket Square Riot (1886)
Chicago on May 1st
Rallies where police were brought in
Someone threw a bomb causing death and injuries
Homestead Strike (1892)
In PA at a steel plant
Pullman Strike (1894)
Railroad cars
Wage cuts
Refused to operate, load, or unload Pullman cars
Argued that the strikers were breaking the law because they were restraining trade (Sherman Anti-Trust)
Many killed
Eugene Debs leader of American Railway Union
arrested and goes to jail
Farmer Problems
Debt
Deflation
Not as respected as they once were
The Grange
Social group for farmers
Discussed issues and exchanged info
Farmers’ Alliance
Formed in the 1880s
Populist Party
Leaders of Farmers alliance formed this party
Omaha Platform (1892)
Populist party platform
Gov ownership of utilities
Democratic reforms
Secret Ballot, Referendum, Recall
Direct election of senators
Subtreasury System
Government could have store houses owned that farmers could pay a fee to use
Income tax
Coinage of silver
Pres. Grover Cleveland
Won election
Terrible administration
Panic of 1893
Wm. Jennings Bryan
Populist and democratic candidate
“Cross of Gold” speech about coinage of silver
Gold standard act
Race and Progressivism
Urbanization
Number of people living in cities increased greatly
electricity, street lights, street cars, department stores, sports
Problems with growth
Poor sanitation and sewage
Impure drinking water
Inadequate and unsafe housing
Crowded tenement buildings
No plumbing
Crime rates
Immigration
Different from Americans
Settles in cities and congregated for security
Many were Catholic
Led to Chinese exclusion act
10 yrs but was extended several times
Victorianism
Refers to culture at this time
Cultural consensus among old stock (ancestors have been here), middle class white Americans
Moral and social order (strong sense of moral certainty)
Narrowly defined place for women
Inevitably of progress
Ethnocentrism
“Golden Age of Racism”
Especially open and bad during this time period
Written into law
Disenfranchisement, Jim Crow, Lynching
Bill Tillman
Worked against blacks
We wouldn’t be here without him
Accommodationist
Booker T. Washington
Managed to get an education and became college President of Tuskegee
Admired spokesman for African Americans
Atlanta Compromise (1895)
Book T gave a speech
Blacks would not push for full social and full political equality
They wanted education and economic opportunity
Told whites to stop importing workers and hire blacks
Very popular among whites
Immediatist
W.E.B Dubois
Economic opportunity can be gained without civil rights
We must demand civil and political rights now
Blacks must seek higher education
“Manly self respect and self esteem is worth more than material goods”
blacks have a responsibility to fight for justice for themselves, america and races around the world
Whites had a responsibility to help blacks
Professor at Harvard
Progressivism
Various reform efforts - the response of white, middle-class protestants to the problems of modern urban industrial society
Begins at local level (concern with problems in the cities)
Then state level
Then national, under Presidents Theodore Roosevelt, Taft and Wilson
Solution: evangelism and helping poor with charity
Settlement House Movement
Secular attempt to assist and educate poor
Progressives
Municipal civil service
Had to pass a test in order to work a government job
Worked for utilities regulation (city owned)
Tax reassessment
Housing codes
New types of city government
City municipal tests
Conservation laws
State income taxes
Democratic measures
Direct primaries
Referendum
Recall
Reform of working conditions
Child labor
Limited working hours for women
Six Basic Beliefs of Progressives
Faith in progress
Belief in active government
Faith in democracy and education
Intolerant – white middle class was superior
Organize, investigate, educate, government action
Muller v. Oregon (1908)
Case about women’s working hours
SCt said a state could limit their hours
Other states passed minimum wage laws for women
Muckrakers
Investigative journalists
Ida Tarbell
Muckraker who wrote about standard oil
David Graham Phillips
Corruption in the senate
Lincoln Steffens
Corruption in urban America
Upton Sinclair
“The Jungle” - exposed
Progressive at High Tide - Federal Level
William McKinley
His assassination led to progressivism moving to the federal level
Leon Czolgosy - his assassinator
Theodore Roosevelt
McKinley’s successor
Progressive/Bull Moose party
Was a tough/macho guy, cowboy, expeditionist, calvary leader
Did not believe in laissez faire
Believed in strong government that would solve problems
Government should control economy and restrain big business
Northern Securities Co. vs. US
Consumer protection
Pure Food and Drug Act 1906
Meat Packing Act 1906
Forest Reserve Act
Elkins Act
Hepburn Act
Northern Securities Co. vs. US
Federal government could block a proposed merger that would increase the holdings of a company
Bureau of Corporations
Pure Food and Drug Act
Meat Packing Act
Forest Reserve Act
William Howard Taft
Nominated by republicans
Roosevelt’s hand picked successor
Not as aggressive as Roosevelt
Described as lazy and slow moving
Not as committed to progressives causes
Eugene Debs
Candidate for socialist party
Also concerned with big business
Woodrow Wilson and His Reforms
Break up big business instead of controlling it
All presidents were progressives but only Roosevelt was in the party
All three had different ideas about government in big business
First southerner elected President since before war
Lowers tariff
National banking system to avoid business cycles of the past - Federal Reserve Act (1913)
Federal Reserve Board
Class legislation - helped him at the last minute
18th Amendment (1918) - prohibition
Women’s Suffrage
“Discount Rate” Federal Reserve Board
Could expand or contract money supply by raising or lowering the discount rate
Helps regulate the economy
Set up regional federal reserve banks
Attempting to recentralize so that they weren't all in the northeast
Clayton Antitrust Act (1914), Federal Trade Commission (1914)
Set up to make sure businesses were not creating monopolies
Adamson Act
Example of class legislation
Gave 8 hr day to all railway workers
Keating-Owen Act
Outlawed child labor in interstate commerce
Federal Farm Loan Act
Provided low interest federal loans to farmers
END OF NOTES FOR TEST ONE
Midway Island
In pacific
Eventually became an important naval base
Alaska
Acquired by William A. Seward in 1867
Bought from the Czar of Russia for 7.2 million
Seward's Folly
Perchance of alaska gained this name because everyone thought it was a dumb idea
Pago-Pago, Samoa
Gained rights to this naval base
Queen Lilioukalani
Queen of Hawaii which was an independent kingdom
Many businessmen and missionaries lived there
Started a revolution and asked U.S to annex Hawaii
Causes of Overseas Expansion
Industrial growth
Needed to keep foreign markets open
Manifest destiny
Captain Alfred Thayer Mahan, The Influence of Sea Power Upon History
Book in 1890
Great powers have great navies
Had to keep foreign markets open
Josiah Strong, Our Country
U.S had obligation to spread American ideas and religion
Spanish American War
Began over disagreement of Cuba which was a colony of Spain
Jose Marti
Led revolution in Cuba to demand independence from Spain
Yellow Journalism
Dramatically telling about the events
Used to sell papers
Dupuy de Lome
The Spanish ambassador
Wrote letter to Spanish government and called McKinley weak and spineless
Americans read about it and were insulted
USS Maine
Standing in Havana Harbor
It blew up killing ¾ of the crew
Everyone suspected it was the Spanish, called in murder
After Congress declared war on Spain
Teller Amendment
Added amendment to war declaration saying they would not annex Cuba
Admiral John Dewey - Battle of Manila Bay
Crushed Spanish
Battle of San Juan
Also defeated Spanish
Theodore Roosevelt was hero of this battle
Santiago
Defeated Spanish there too
Naval battle
Results
U.S acquired an overseas empire
Brought new sense of national unity between north and south
Black men enlisted, fought well, but were not given their full civil rights
Established the U.S as a serious and respectable military power
“Fighting Joe” Wheeler
Forgot they weren’t fighting the north anymore
9th, 10th, U.S Cavalry (Buffalo Soldiers)
Panama Canal
We built to connect oceans and make trade easier
We pay them rent
Very important for America economically