U3AOS1

TNT Sac 1

Abraham

Who is Abraham?

• Abraham was called Abram

• He was called out from Ur of the Chaldeans by God

• The Lord reckoned he as righteous

• God establishes an everlasting covenant with Abraham

• Promised land of Canaan

• Offspring like the dust of the earth and stars of the sky some being kings,

• All families of the earth are blessed

• Given son Isaac in old age

Explain the significance of Abraham for original audience?

• Abraham is their ancestor

• As descendants, God’s blessing given to Abraham apply to them

Passover

What is the Passover?

• The first Passover was the 10th plague upon Egypt.

• God sent his angels of death to kill the firstborn of all households who don’t have the blood of a lamb unblemished over the doorframes.

Describe the role of the Passover in Jewish society.

• Celebrated by Israel on the 10th day of the first month every year

• A day of remembrance that celebrated as a festival throughout generations

• A yearly festival where all Jewish people would go to Jerusalem to present offerings

Mosaic Law

What is the Mosaic Law?

• Given to Moses on Mount Sinai

• To fear the lord, keep the people from idolatry of the Israelite people, and his commandments so their life may be long

• Including moral, civil, and ceremonial laws - 10 commandments

• Found throughout Torah (Exodus Leviticus Numbers and Deuteronomy)

Describe the role of the Mosaic Law in Jewish society.

• To limit the action of the people, from uncleanness and idolatry

• Keep these words, bind them, fix them and write them

Temple

What is the Temple?

• Where God dwells among his people

• Solomon built the temple

• A place where sacrifice and rituals are performed

Explain the significance of the Temple for the original audience.

• A place of gathering during festivals like Passover

• Place for offerings for the atonement of sins

David + Identity of Jesus.

Who is David?

• Man after God’s own heart

• Anointed by Samuel as the second king, after Saul

• God’s favour will forever be with his descendants.

• Righteous Branch of David who will reign as king, deal wisely and execute justice and righteousness

Explain how the writer uses David to establish the identity of Jesus.

• He is the descendant of David from both Mary and Joseph.

• Angle Gabriel announced that Jesus would be on the throne of David and establish a kingdom with no end

• Zechariah prophesies that Jesus is the almighty saviour from the house of David

• Angels proclaim Jesus as the Saviour, Messiah and Lord who is born in the town of David

• Blind man recognises Jesus as the son of David

David + Original audience.

Who is David?

• Man after God’s own heart

• Anointed by Samuel as the second King after Saul

• United the 12 tribes of Israel

• God’s favour forever be with his descendants.

• Righteous Branch of David who will reign as king, deal wisely and execute justice and righteousness

Explain the significance of David for the original audience.

• David was their ancestor.

• Promised that God is always with Israel

• Expect the messiah to come from the line of David.

Elijah

Who is Elijah?

• He was mighty prophet of the Lord, during the reign of Ahab and Ahaziah in the Northern kingdom

• Opposed the idolatry of Israel

• Prophesied 3 years of drought in Israel

• He confronted the prophets of Baal.

• Elijah was taken up to heaven in a whirlwind.

Explain the significance of Elijah for the original audience.

• Messenger to prepare the way of before the Lord comes to his temple

• Prophet Elijah sent before the day of the Lord - indicator for the coming of the Messiah

• He will turn hearts of the people

What happened during the exile

Describe what happened during the exile.

• Northern 10 tribes exiled to Assyria

• Southern 2 tribe exiled to Babylone

• Israel sinned, idolatries, and ignored the prophets

• Babylonians burned down Jerusalem and exiled the people

• King Cyrus released the Israelites back to rebuild the temple

Explain the significance of the exile for the original audience.

• God called King Cyrus to release them and build the temple.

• Understood the dangers of idolatry

• Change and loss of culture

What happened during the intertestamental period

Describe what happened during the intertestamental period.

• 400 years between the Old and New Testament

• Alexander the Great started his non-stop military campaign and promoted Greek culture (Hellenisation).

• Epiphanes ruled over Israel and auctioned the priesthood. Desecrated the temple. Transformed the temple into worshipping Zeus.

• The Hasmonean family revolted and became the royal priests and king.

• The Romans took over Israel and Paz Romana.

• Herodian family ruled Israel.

Explain the significance of the intertestamental period for the original audience.

• Significant changes in the: Language, culture, and political system

• Under Roman oppression

• Seek freedom - Messiah

Hellenisation

What is Hellenisation?

• Promoting Greek culture

• Alexander the Great introduced Hellenisation

• Influenced everything: Language, architecture, names…

Explain the significance of Hellenisation for the original audience?

• The audience spoke Koine Greek

• Jewish Scripture is translated into Greek (Septuagint)

Septuagint

What is the Septuagint?

• The Septuagint is the Greek translation of the Jewish Scripture.

• It was translated between 300-200BC in Egypt

• It was written for the jews who has lost their Hebrew language

Explain the significance of Hellenisation for the original audience?

• This was used among Hellenistic Jews (Jews who lost Hebrew)

• This was also used for non-jews to get a glimpse into Judaism

Roman Rule

Describe Roman Rule during the First century.

• After the wars Rome entered into Pax Romana

• Rome’s second emperor Tiberius Caesar

• Rome built an advanced and reliable road system.

• Cleared the Mediterranean Sea of pirates

• Establish a fast and reliable mail system.

Explain the significance of Roman rule for the original audience.

• The advanced road system assisted in the spreading of the Gospel.

• A general increase in safety and convenience

• Introducing of tax

Geography during the intertestamental period.

• Apart of the Greek empire, taken by Alexander the Great

• Ruled by Egypt after Alexander’s death

• Ruled by Syria, where Epiphanes desecrated the temple

• Hasmonean family rebelled

• Ruled by the Roman Empire

• Given to Herod's family

Geography during the first century.

On the left of the Jordan,

• Galilee In the North - Jewish

• Samaria in the Center - Jewish+Gentile

• Judea in the south - Jewish

On the right of Jordan

• Decapolis in the East - Gentile

• Perea under Decapolis - Jewish

Different Jewish Religious sects + explain one

Describe the different Jewish Religious sects of the first century.

Religious sects - Pharisees, Sadducees, Zealots, Essenes

Judaism has different sects but there are common principles that are practised by all Jews.

• Monotheism - 1 God, can’t be pictured

• Messiah’s coming - Divinely appointed, established eternal kingdom

• Sabbath - day of rest, centre of the week, Friday sunset - Saturday sunset

• Passover - the 10th day of the year - celebrates deliverance from slavery in Egypt

Explain the significance of one of these religious sects for Jewish society.

Who are the Pharisees?

• Teachers in the synagogues

• Emphasise on prayer and God’s law

• Hardline fundamentalist protecting Jewish culture

Who are the Sadducees?

• High-ranking priests

• Emphasise the temple system and sacrifice

• Admire Greek culture

Pharisees

Who are the Pharisees?

• Means “Separated ones”

• Teachers

• Middle class

• Trust in God over national power

• Pray and study God’s law

• Written law + oral traditions

• High influence in the synagogues and Sanhedrin

Explain the significance of the Pharisee to the original audience.

• They are the everyday teachers in the synagogues

• They are hardline fundamentalist who guarded Judaism against the Hellenisation

Sadducees

Who are the Sadducees?

• Means “Righteous ones”

• High-ranking priests

• Upper class

• trusted in national power

• Temple system and sacrifice

• Only the Torah (the first 5 books of the Jewish scripture)

• High influence in the temple and Sanhedrin

• Admire Greece and compromise with the Romans

Explain the significance of the Sadducees to the original audience.

• Sacrificing to the lord through the Sadducees

• Effected by the decisions made in the Sanhedrin

Second Temple

What is the second Temple?

• King Cyrus allowed the Israelites to rebuild the Second Temple.

• Enlarged by the Hasmonean Dynasty

• Harold the Great refurbished and enlarged it

Describe the role of the Second Temple in Jewish society.

• Symbolises where God meets people

• Place of prayer, sacrifice and worship

• A place to celebrate festivals like Passover

• Meeting place of Sanhedrin

Sanhedrin

What is the Sanhedrin?

• The Jewish court

• The Great Sanhedrin is in the temple

• Makes up of 70 men and a high priest

• Dealt with religious and ritualistic temple matters and criminal matters

• Sanhedrin is on every day other than the Sabbath or special festivals like Passover

Describe the role of the Sanhedrin in Jewish society.

• Smaller Sanhedrin in every town

• Makes up of influential men of the community

• They are the local courts

Synagogue

What is a Synagogue?

• Central meeting place for Jews

• Where Sabbath services and communal meals are held

• Connect Jews to Jerusalem through temple offerings.

Describe the role of the Synagogue in Jewish society.

• A place to maintain the Jewish Identity read scripture

• Diaspora meant that Jews dispersed across the Greco-Roman world

• Jews build synagogues wherever they go.