U4b In-class Notes

Motivation

A need or desire that drives an individual to act towards a goal or fulfill a specific purpose.

Intrinsic Motivators

Rewards we get internally, such as enjoyment or satisfaction.

Extrinsic Motivators

Rewards that we obtain from external sources, such as grades, money, or recognition.

Drive Reduction Theory

Our behavior is motivated by biological needs, aiming to maintain homeostasis.

Maslow’s Hierarchy of Needs

A theory stating that we are motivated by needs that are not all created equal, starting from basic physiological needs to self-actualization.

James-Lange Theory of Emotion

The theory suggesting that physiological responses precede and determine emotional experiences.

Cannon-Bard Theory of Emotion

The theory that proposes physiological and emotional responses occur simultaneously.

Two-Factor Theory of Emotion

A theory stating that emotions are based on physiological arousal and cognitive labeling.

Defense Mechanisms

Psychological strategies used by the ego to protect itself from anxiety and unpleasant thoughts.

Sublimation

A defense mechanism involving channeling frustration into a different goal to achieve something productive.

Trait Theories of Personality

Theories believing that personality can be described by specific traits that are stable over time.

Reciprocal Determinism

A concept by Albert Bandura stating that traits, environment, and behavior all interact and influence each other.

Self-Actualization

The realization of one's personal potential, self-fulfillment, and seeking personal growth.

Locus of Control

The degree to which individuals believe that they can control events affecting them, categorized as internal or external.

Emotions

Responses of the whole organism involving physiological arousal, expressive behaviors, and conscious experience.

Psychological Aspects of Hunger

Factors influencing hunger beyond physiological needs, including external cues such as smells and social settings.

Kurt Lewin’s Motivational Conflicts

Conflicts in motivation, such as approach-approach, avoidance-avoidance, and approach-avoidance conflicts.

Facial Feedback Hypothesis

The theory that specific facial expressions can alter emotional experiences.

Garcia Effect

A type of conditioned taste aversion that demonstrates how certain stimuli can have lasting effects on behavior regarding consumption.

Cognitive label

The mental interpretation of physiological arousal that helps determine the emotional experience.

Approach-Approach Conflict

A type of motivational conflict that occurs when an individual is faced with two equally appealing options and must choose between them.

Avoidance-Avoidance Conflict

A type of motivational conflict that involves choosing between two undesirable outcomes.

Approach-Avoidance Conflict

A conflict that arises when a single goal has both attractive and unattractive aspects, making the decision difficult.

Multiple Approach-Avoidance Conflict

A situation where an individual faces multiple choices, each with both positive and negative aspects, complicating the decision process.

Motivational Conflicts

Situations in which an individual experiences competing motivations that complicate decision-making and behavior.

Kurt Lewin's Model of Motivation

The framework developed by psychologist Kurt Lewin to analyze how conflicts in motivation influence behavior and decision-making.