Chapter 1 - Anatomy & Physiology

Define Anatomy…

Define Anatomy…

Is the science of structure and the relationships among structures

Define Physiology…

The science of body functions (how the body works)

Define atoms…

Building blocks of matter

Define molecules…

Created from atoms, they perform various biochemical functions like carbohydrates providing energy, fats storing energy.

Define cells and give examples…

Composed of by molecules, they distinguish living things from non-living chemicals; neurons, epithelial cells, and myocytes.

Define tissues and give examples…

Cells that have similar functions; muscle tissue, connective tissue, and nervous tissue.

Define organs and give some examples…

Different types of tissues that join together; heart, kidney, and braiin.

Define system/organ system and give some examples…

Related organs with a common function that join together; digestive system, cardiovascular system, nervous system.

Define organism and give an example…

When all systems combine together; human

What are all the different levels of structural organization? (go in order)

Chemical, cellular, tissue, organ, system, organism.

What is the Integumentary system?

Protects body from disease, senses outside and processes information, regulates body temperature. OUTSIDE BARRIER

What is the Lymphatic system?

Protects body from diseases.

What is the cardiovascular system?

Regulate body temperature, distribute nutrients from food and gases throughout the body, exchange gases with the air and body tissues.

What is the endocrine system?

For reproduction

What system removes carbon dioxide from the body?

Cardiovascular system

What system removes carbon dioxide from the blood?

Respiratory system

What is the digestive system?

Eliminates wastes, gets nutrients from food.

What is the urinary system?

Eliminates wastes.

What is the metabolism?

Breaking down complex molecules in food into simpler ones for energy and new molecules.

What is responsiveness?

The body’s response to something (EX: hot temperature by sweating)

What is reproduction?

The formation of new cells or a new individual.

What is growth?

Increase in body size due to increased size of existing cells or the number of cells.

What is movement?

the motion of the whole body, individual organs, single cells.

What is differentiation?

When unspecialized cells become specialized cells. Their structure and function change.

What is homeostasis?

The condition in which the body’s internal environment remains relatively constant, within physiological limits.

What is a hormone?

A secretion of endocrine cells to alter the physiological activity of target cells of the body.

What is the feedback system?

Sequence of events in which information about the status of a situation is continually reported to a control center.

What is controlled condition?

A monitored condition in a feedback system.

What are the three components to the feedback systems?

Receptor (sends information to a control center)

Control Center (receives the input and compares it with a set of values and sends output commands to an effector)

Effector (Receives output commands and produces a response that changes the controlled condition).

What is a negative feedback system? What is an example?

When a feedback system reverses the change in the controlled condition. For example, regulating blood pressure.

What is a positive feedback system?

When a feedback system strengthens a change in the controlled condition. EX: During labor, uterine contractions force the baby’s head into the cervix.

What is the main difference between negative and positive feedback systems?

Negative systems tend to maintain stable conditions, whereas positive systems tend to be unstable

What is a steady state? What is one big example?

A set of conditions that remains constant over some period of time; homeostasis

What does anatomical position mean?

When the subject stands straight with the head level, eyes facing forward, feet flat on the floor, and arms at the sides.

What is the prone position?

When a body is lying face down.

What is the supine position?

When the body is lying face up

Where is the dorsal side in a human?

The face view of the body.

Where is the posterior side in a human?

The back view.

What does the cephalic region target?

Skull and face

What does the cervical region target?

Neck

What does the Trunk (thoracic, abdominal, pelvic) region target?

Chest, back, abdomen, pelvis, and buttock

What does the upper limb target?

Shoulder, armpit, arm, forearm, wrist, and hand.

What does the lower limb target?

Buttock, thigh, leg, ankl, and foot.

What is the midline?

Separates the body vertically in half.

What positions describe the trunk region?

Medial, Lateral, Superior, and Inferior.

What is the medial, lateral, superior, and inferior?

Medial - Toward the midline
Lateral - Away from the midline.
Superior - Above (toward the head)
Inferior - Below (away from the head)

What positions describe the limb region?

Proximal, Distal

What is the Proximal and Distal?

Proximal - Toward the point of attachment
Distal - Away from the point of attachment

Only used when describing the limbs

What positions describe the trunk and limbs?

Superficial and Deep

What is superficial and deep?

Superficial - Near the surface of the body/organ
Deep - Away from the surface.

Think Superficial as a small cut (its near the surface), think deep as a knife stab (its away from the surface)

What is the Parasagittal, Midsagittal, and sagittal plane?

Parasagittal - Divides the body into unequal left and right sides

Midsagittal - Passes through the midline and divides it into equal right and left sides.

Sagittal - Divides the object into right and left sides.

What is the frontal plane?

Divides the object into anterior and posterior portions.

What is the transverse plane and oblique plane?

Transverse - Divides object into superior (upper) and inferior (lower) portions.

Oblique - Passes through an object at an angle between the transverse and sagittal plane or frontal plane.

What are body cavities?

Spaces within the body that contain, protect, separate, and support internal organs.

What is the cranial cavity and vertebral/spinal canal?

Cranial - Formed by cranial bones and contains the brain.

Vertebral - FOrmed by a vertebral column and contains a spinal cord and its nerves.

What is the thoracic cavity?

Chest cavity that controls pleural, pericardial, and mediastinum cavities.

What is the abdominopelvic cavity?

Divided into abdominal and pelvic cavities.

What is the viscera?

The organs inside the thoracic and abdominopelvic cavities.

What is a serous membrane?

A thin, slippery double-layered membrane that covers the viscera (internal organs). Outermost of the organ

What is the pleura?

The serous membrane that covers the lungs.

What is the pericardium?

The serous membrane that covers the heart.

What is the peritoneum?

The serous membrane that covers the abdominopelvic cavity.

Where is the hypochondriac region? What cavity is this region in?

On the top left or right; abdominopelvic cavity.

Where is the lumbar region? What cavity is this region in?

In the middle left or right; abdominopelvic cavity.

Where is the inguinal region?

On the bottom left or right; abdominopelvic cavity.

Where is the epigastric region located?

In the top middle of the abdominopelvic cavity.

Where is the umbilical region located?

In the dead middle of the abdominopelvic cavity.

Where is the public region located?

In the middle bottom of the abdominopelvic cavity.

What is an MRI used for?

Imaging soft tissues but not bones.

What is a CT scan used for?

Used to reveal three dimensional images of soft tissues.

What is an ultrasound used for?

Used to show fetal development, growths (tumors cysts, stones) and organ blood flow.

What is in the Mediastinum, Pleural, and pericardial cavities?

Mediastinum: Thymus, major blood vessels and airways.
Pleural Cavity: Lung
Pericardial: Heart

What words describe the Area of skull containing brain, front of head, ear, eye, mouth, forehead, neck, nose, head, cheek?

Cranial, Facial, Otic, Optic, Oral, Frontal, Cervical, Nasal, Cephalic, Buccal

What words describe the Breast, Area around the collar bone, Upper chest, Center of chest, Area between ribs and pelvis, Belly button, Lower torso region, upper torso region, lower back, back of pelvis?

Mammary, Clavicular, pectoral, sternal, Abdominal, umbilical, Pelvic, thoracic, Lumbar, Sacral

What is the Ventral Cavity?

Contains important organs and is in the front.

What is the Dorsal cavity?

Contains brain and spinal cord and is in the back.