ENGLISH FOR SPECIFIC PURPOSES/LIT.CRIT./JOURNALISM

ENGLISH FOR SPECIFIC PURPOSES

an approach to English language teaching that focuses on teaching language skills and vocabulary relevant to specific professional or academic contexts.

ESP

designed to meet specific needs of the learner

ESP

○ related in content (i.e. in its themes and topics) to particular disciplines, occupations and activities

ESP

○ centered on the language appropriate to those activities in syntax, lexis, discourse, semantics, etc., and analysis of this discourse

ESP is based on needs analysis

- The topics and activities are based on the analysis of students’ needs.

ESP is goal-oriented

- Activities are specified on the goal of the student.

ESP is time-bound

- Each session aims to contribute to the end goal which is met at a specified time or duration.

ESP is for adults

- the majority are adult learners who learn English to prepare for higher learning

ESP is discipline-specific

- courses are written following the discipline and based on the group of students who belong to the same field of study.

● DIAGNOSTIC VIEW

- language, genres, and skills that are considered necessities, essentials, or prerequisites for success in the target setting

● DISCREPANCY VIEW

- lacks, discrepancies, or gaps between what the learners can currently do in the language and what they will need to do in the target setting

● DEMOCRATIC VIEW

- needs correspond to what the different stakeholders want desire, expect, or request from the ESP course

ENGLISH FOR OCCUPATIONAL PURPOSES (EOP)

- develop English skills in preparation for work or job

ENGLISH FOR ACADEMIC PURPOSES (EAP)

- improve language proficiency to survive and function better in a higher academic setting

NEEDS ANALYSIS

cornerstone of ESP and involves identifying the specific language skills, knowledge, and goals of the learners. It considers their academic, professional, or occupational needs to tailor lessons

LEARNING AND STRATEGY OBJECTIVES

focus on acquiring language skills in context and involve helping learners develop skills to study independently

MATERIALS AND METHODS

- prioritize practical, task-oriented approaches like role-playing and simulations

EVALUATION

- assessing whether the learners have achieved the objectives and met their language needs

STRUCTURAL

- focuses on forms and structures of language ○ nouns, verbs, adjectives, statements, questions, etc

NOTIONAL-FUNCTIONAL

- focused on various language functions that are performed when language is used, or of the notions that a language is used to expressed

SITUATIONAL

- collection of real or imaginary situation in which language occurs or is used

SKILL-BASED

- collection of specific abilities that are used in language

CONTENT-BASED

teach content or information using the language that the learners are also learning

LITERARY CRITICISM

the study, discussion, evaluation, and interpretation of literature

LITERARY THEORY

philosophical discussion of literary criticism’s methods and goals

HISTORICAL-BIOGRAPHICAL

● “sees a literary work chiefly, if not exclusively, as a reflection of the author's life and times or the life and times of the characters in the work“

NEW HISTORICISM

● “declares that all history is subjective, written by people whose personal biases affect their interpretation of the past.”

NEW HISTORICISM

● the work is just one of the many interpretations of history

MORAL-PHILOSOPHICAL APPROACH

● larger function is to teach morality and to probe philosophical issues

MORAL-PHILOSOPHICAL APPROACH

● It recognizes that literature can affect readers, whether subtly or directly

READER-RESPONSE CRITICISM

● shifts emphasis of textual analysis from text alone, and views readers and text as partners ●

READER-RESPONSE CRITICISM

reader - no longer passive but a participant in meaning-making

DECONSTRUCTION

● pioneer Jacques Derrida believes it is impossible for a text to have stable meaning

DECONSTRUCTION

● we must recognize the existence and the operation of binary oppositions

MYTHOLOGICAL-ARCHETYPAL

● Carl Jung’s "collective unconscious" that contains these archetypes (identifiable in a wide variety of works)

MYTHOLOGICAL-ARCHETYPAL

The “death-rebirth” theme is often said to be the archetype of archetypes

NEW CRITICISM

● discourages the use of history and biography in interpreting a literary work

NEW CRITICISM

● the meaning of a work can be drawn from a detailed analysis of the text itself

JOURNALISM

● comes from the Latin word diurnal meaning daily

JOURNALISM

● the activity of gathering, assessing, creating, and presenting news and information using print media, electronic media, or both

NEWSPAPER

- regularly scheduled publications containing news of containing events

MAGAZINE

- more relaxed format and more informal in writing

● BROADCAST JOURNALISM

- audio-visual mediums like television, radio, and digital streaming platforms

NAMEPLATE

- The banner or title at the top of the front page that includes the name of the newspaper

● HEADLINE

- The bold, large text used to grab attention and summarize the main story or article

● BYLINE

- The line of text that indicates the name of the author or journalist who wrote the article ●

CUT

- A photograph or illustration included in the newspaper to visually enhance the story or article

CUTLINE -

The caption or description provided under or near a photograph (cut)

NEWS WRITING

- reporting current events in a straightforward, factual manner that adheres to the inverted pyramid structure.

○ Inverted pyramid

- style or guide in writing news articles where it begins with the most newsworthy information

● FEATURE WRITING

- engage and entertain readers while providing information

● EDITORIAL WRITING -

opinion of a publication's editorial board on a particular issue

● EDITORIAL CARTOONING

- form of visual commentary that uses cartoons to express opinions on current events

● COLUMN WRITING

- regular articles written by a specific columnist, expressing their personal opinions or insights on a particular topic

● SPORTS WRITING

combines factual reporting with descriptive language to capture the excitement and drama of sports

HEADLINING

- process of creating concise and compelling titles for news articles and other journalistic content

● COPYREADING

- reviewing and revising written content to improve its clarity, accuracy, and style

PROOFREADING -

final stage of the editing process, where the content is carefully reviewed for any remaining errors

● NARRATIVE LEAD

- tells a story or presents a scene to draw the reader into the article ●

QUESTION LEAD

- begins with a question, aiming to engage the reader and pique their curiosity ●

TEASER -

hints at the story's content without revealing all the details

● STACCATO LEAD

- uses short, punchy sentences or phrases to create a sense of urgency or drama

● FREAK LEAD

- known as an "oddity lead," this lead begins with an unusual or startling statement to grab the reader's attention