[A&P 1] Chapter 13: Central Nervous System

cerebral hemispheres, diencephalon, brain steam, cerebellum

what are the 4 regions of the brain?

cortex

what is the outer layer of the cerebrum and cerebellum called?

gray matter

what part of the brain consists of short, nonmyelinated neurons and cell bodies?

white matter

what part of the brain consists of myelinated and some nonmyelinated axons

brain

the ___________ exhibit the following pattern: white matter surrounded by gray matter

spinal cord

the ___________ exhibit the following pattern: gray matter surrounded by white matter

ventricles

what are the fluid-filled chambers that are continuous to each other and to the central canal of the spinal cord?

ependymal cells

what cell type has cilla and line the ventricles?

cerebrospinal fluid (CSF)

what is the fluid inside of ventricles?

interventricular foramen

what connects each lateral ventricle to the third ventricle?

third ventricle

which ventricle lies in the diencephalon?

cerebral aqueduct

what connects the third and fourth ventricles?

fourth ventricle

which ventricle lies in the hindbrain (pons, medulla, cerebellum)

lateral ventricle

which type of ventricle is located in the anterior horn, and the brain has two of them?

cerebral hemispheres

what is the major region of the brain, accounting for 83% of the brain mass?

gyri

define the surface marking on the cerebral hemisphere:

elevated ridges

sulci

define the surface marking on the cerebral hemisphere:

shallow grooves

fissures

define the surface marking on the cerebral hemisphere:

deep grooves in the brain

longitudinal fissure

which type of fissure separates the two hemispheres?

transverse cerebral fissure

which type of fissure separates the cerebrum and cerebellum?

frontal, parietal, temporal, and occpital

name the 4 lobes that a hemisphere is divided into

central, parieto-occipital, and lateral

name the major sulci that divide the cerebral hemisphere lobes

central sulcus

which sulcus separates the (precentral gyrus of the) frontal and the (postcentral gyrus of the) parietal lobes?

parieto-occipital sulcus

which sulcus separates parietal and occipital lobes?

lateral sulcus

which sulcus separates the parietal and temporal lobes (or outline temporal lobes)?

cerebral cortex, white matter, and basal nuclei

what are the three basic regions of a cerebral hemisphere?

cerebral cortex

which region of a cerebral hemisphere is external (superficial) and made of gray matter?

cerebral cortex

which region of the cerebral cortex functions in mediating consciousness, memory, sensory perception, motor initiation, and etc. ?

motor, sensory, and association

what are the three functional areas of the cerebral cortex?

lateralization

what is the term for each hemisphere being concerned with the contralateral (opposite) side of the body?

motor areas

which functional area of the cerebral cortex controls voluntary movement?

frontal lobe

motor areas of the cerebral cortex are located in the...

primary motor cortex

which part of the cerebral cortex is responsible for motor execution or voluntary movement?

precentral gyrus

where is the primary motor cortex located?

premotor cortex

which part of the cerebral cortex is responsible for planning/learning movement?

stroke

define the diagnosis

• caused from damaged areas of primary motor cortex

• paralyzes muscles controlled by those areas

anterior to precentral gyrus

where is the premotor cortex located?

sensory areas

which functional area of the cerebral cortex has conscious awareness of sensation?

primary somatosensory cortex

which part of the cerebral cortex receives sensory information?

postcentral gyri of parietal lobe

where is the primary somatosensory cortex located?

somatosensory association cortex

which part of the cerebral cortex integrates the sensory input to understand the stimulus?

posterior to primary somatosensory cortex

where is the somatosensory association cortex located?

primary visual cortex

which part of the cerebral cortex receives visual information from the retinas?

extreme posterior tip of occipital lobe

where is the primary visual cortex located?

visual association area

which part of the cerebral cortex understands past visual experience to interpret stimuli

surrounds primary visual cortex

where is the visual association area located?

functional blindness

define the diagnosis

• caused by damage to the primary visual cortex

primary auditory cortex

which part of the cerebral cortex interprets information such as pitch, loudness, and location?

superior margin of temporal lobes

where is the primary auditory cortex location?

association areas

which functional area of the cerebral cortex is responsible for complex processing of the information?

posterior to primary auditory cortex

where is the auditory association area located?

auditory association area

which part of the cerebral cortex stores memories of sound?

olfactory cortex

which part of the cerebral cortex is involved in the conscious awareness of odors?

part of the limbic system

where is the olfactory cortex located?

gustatory cortex (insula)

which part of the cerebral cortex is involved in the perception of taste?

visceral sensory area (insula)

which part of the cerebral cortex is involved in the conscious perception of visceral sensation

multimodal association area

which part of the cerebral cortex receive input from multiple senses and integrate this into an overall perception of our surroundings?

multimodal association area

which part of the cerebral cortex allow us to give meaning to the information received, store in memory, and tie to previous experiences

anterior association area

which part of the cerebral cortex is involved with intellect, cognition, recall, personality

• a type of multimodal association area

• this part contains working memory needed for abstract ideas, judgment, reasoning, persistence, task execution, problem solving, and planning

broca's area

which area of the cerebral cortex controls the production of speech?

wernicke's area

which area of the cerebral cortex helps us understand speech?

posterior association area

which area of the cerebral cortex plays a large role in recognizing patterns, faces, and localizing us in space? i.e. (Wernicke's area)

limbic system and reticular formation

what are the two functional brain systems?

limbic association area

which area of the cerebral cortex houses the hippocampus and provides emotional impact that makes a scene important to us and helps establish memories

right hemisphere

which hemisphere controls the LEFT side of the body?

left hemisphere

which hemisphere controls the RIGHT side of the body?

cerebral white matter

which region of the cerebral hemisphere is located in the internal region?

cerebral white matter

which part of the cerebral hemisphere communicates between cerebral areas and between the cortex & lower CNS?

association fibers

define the fiber in cerebral white matter:

connect different brain regions of the same hemisphere

association fibers

which fiber in cerebral white matter is located WITHIN the hemispheres?

commissural fibers

define the fiber in cerebral white matter:

connect the left & right cerebral hemispheres

commissural fibers

which fiber in cerebral white matter is located BETWEEN the hemispheres?

projection fibers

define the fiber in cerebral white matter:

connect the hemispheres to the lower brain or the spinal cord

projection fibers

which fiber in cerebral white matter is located at the hemispheres and spinal cord?

basal nuclei

which region of the cerebral hemisphere is deep within the white matter?

basal nuclei

what part of the cerebral hemisphere is a cluster of cell bodies within the brain

e.g. grey matter within white matter

basal nuclei

which part of the cerebral hemisphere influence muscle movements and regulate the intensity of movement?

Parkinson's disease

define the diagnosis: caused by basal nuclei damage

• symptoms: shaking & tremors

dopamine

if basal cell nuclei cannot produce ____________, the muscles cannot regulate the intensity of movement

Huntington's disease

define the diagnosis: caused by basal nuclei damage

• symptoms: patients have sudden and uncontrolled movement

diencephalon

what is the major region of the brain consists of the thalamus, hypothalamus, and epithalamus?

third ventricle

which ventricle encloses the thalamus, hypothalamus, and epithalamus

thalamus

which component of the diencephalon receives several impulses from different brain regions?

aka is the major relay station

thalamus

this component of the diencephalon functions in movement, sensation, consciousness, and memory

hypothalamus

which component of the diencephalon acts as the main visceral control?

has the following traits:

• controls autonomic nervous system

• initation of physical responses to emotions

• part of the limbic system → (perceives pleasure, fear, rage, etc.)

• homeostatic regulation (body temp, hunger, water balance, sleep-wake cycle)

• controls endocrine system

hypothalamus

this component of the diencephalon functions in maintaining homeostasis and endocrine function

epithalamus

which component of the diencephalon secretes melatonin to help regulate sleep-wake cycle?

brain stem

which major region of the brain consists of the following: midbrain, pons, medulla oblongata?

brain stem

which major region of the brain controls automatic behaviors necessary for survival

midbrain nuclei

which part of the brain stem contains corpora quadrigemina and substantia nigra?

corpora quadrigemina

what component located in the midbrain and contains reflex centers for vision and auditory reflexes?

superior colliculi

what is the visual reflex center of the corpora quadrigemina of the midbrain?

inferior colliculi

what is the auditory relay center of the corpora quadrigemina of the midbrain?

substantia nigra

what is a midbrain structure where dopamine is produced; involved in control of movement? (linked to basal nuclei)

substantia nigra

degeneration of which area in the midbrain leads to Parkinson's?

cranial nerves III and IV

which cranial nerves are located in the substantia nigra?

pons

which part of the brain stem is located between the midbrain and medulla oblongata?

pons

which part of the brain stem regulates breathing during sleep?

fourth ventricle

which ventricle separates the pons from the cerebellum?

cranial nerves V, VI, and VII

which cranial nerves originated at the pons?