exercise science final

define growth

measurable change in body size, quantity, or functioning

define maturation

the extent that a characteristic resembles a mature biological state

define motor development

study of how motor behavior changes over time because of biological, cognitive, psychological, and enviornmenttal influences

define physical literacy

the goal of motor development. requires acquisition of fundamental movements kills

define readiness

when an individual is prepared to acquire a particular behaviour or skill and has internal motivation to learn

describe basic changes that occur during <1 year

3x birth weight, increase birth height by 50%

describe basic changes that occur during early childhood

loss of baby fat, rapid growth, good flexibility, abundant muscle development.

describe basic changes that occur during mid to late childhood

slower and more content growth, improvements in coordination and motor functioning, growth spurt preceded by fat accumulation

describe basic changes occur during puberty

height spurt, reproductive maturation, redistribution of body weight

developmental milestones in infants

reflexive movements (sucking), spontaneous movements (kicking), rudimentary movements (rolling)

developmental milestones in early to mid childhood

elementary fundamental/foundational movements

developmental milestones in late childhood and adolescence

advanced fundamental movements and specialized movements formed by combining sport specific skills

Fundamental skills in motor development

factors that impact motor development

motivation, enjoyment, self esteem/concept, self confidence cycle, family, peers, sports participation, instructors,

define motor learning

set of processes associated with practice or experience leading to relatively permanent changes in the capability for movement

how is optimal motor learning best achieved

skills must be taught at an appropriate age, qualified intructors, progress slowly, practiced over sufficient time

describe 3 stages of motor learning

cognitive- determine the general shape of the skill and its goals

associative- performing and refining the skill. define stimuli related to skill, organize appropriate movement patterns

autonomous- movements are almost automatic and very proficent

intrinsic feedback

information that is provided as a natural consequence of performing an action

extrinsic feedback

information provided to learner by external source at outcome

how is feedback used most effectively

Required throughout, vital in cognitive and associative stages (early!)

Intense but selective feedback early on. Too much is overwhelming!

Precise and specific is best, but early on more descriptive is appropriate.

Immediate instruction is better for the development of skills then waiting until the end of the lesson.

transfer of learning. positive and negative

positive- fundamental movement skill sim practice applied to game situations

negative- dissonance between learned and new skill results in negative transfer to the new skill

definition of biomechanics

interplay between mechanics and biological systems

qualitative vs. quantitative analysis in biomechanics and kinetics and kinematics

qualitative- without specific metrics. describe what you observe

quantitative- describe observations with numbers and measurable

mass

amount of matter in an object

inertia

reluctance of an object to change its state of motion

moment of inertia

reluctance of rotating object to change state of motion. depends on mass and distribution around axis of rotation

center of gravity

the point where an object's weight is evenly distributed and balanced, affecting its stability and motion.

force

mass times accleration

gravity

force of attraction between two bodies

linear motion

motion along a path. rectilinear and curvilinear

angular motion

rotational motion about a center of rotation. body segments rotate about a axis of rotation

general motion

angular plus linear motion. body/segments move linearly and rotate at same time

causes of motion

force- any action, push or pull, that cause object to change state of motion

torque- rotational force that causes angular motion

parts of lever

axis of rotation, resistance arm, force arm

how do levers work

force is applied and if greater than resistance Than there is rotation at the axis

3 classes of levers and examples

first- RAF. applied force and resistance on opposite side of axis at unequal distance from one another

second- ARF. applied force and resistance are on same side of axis. resistance is closer to axis

third- AFR. applied force and resistance on same side of axis. force is closer to the axis

newtons first law of motion

law of inertia. a body will maintain a state of rest or constant velocity unless acted on by external force

newtons second law of motion

law of acceleration. applied force will cause an acceleration of a body in proportion to the magnitude of the force/direction/proportion of mass to object.

newtons third law of motion

law of reaction. for every action, there is an equal and opposite reaction

types of drag

profile- caused by object shape and size

surface- caused by object roughness

boundary layer. what flow can occur here

thin later of fluid adjacent to skin and carried along with body motion, towing along outer fluid layers. laminar flow-little disturbance with smooth movement. turbulent flow- changes flow conditions

ways to reduce drag

decrease frontal surface area and decrease sources of turbulence and drafting

define exercise pyschology

Examines the relationship between physical activity and mental health, perceived exertion, and behavioral factors related to exercise adherence

define sport psychology

Examines mental factors related to improving sport performance and Involves the study of how psychological factors affect performance

define self-efficacy

individuals belief of success at a particular task. most effective way to change is experience

define mental health benefits associated with acute and chronic exercise

acute (one exercise session)- alleviates negative mood states and enhances positive ones

chronic (long term exercise participation)- good as other treatments for clinical depression

4 theories to explain the relationship between improved mental health and exercise

distraction theory, endorphins theory, monamine hypothesis (neurotransmitters production increase), thermogenic hypothesis (reduce muscle tension and anxiety due to increase in body temp)

define SMARTS goal

specific, measurable, actionable, realistic, time-bound, shared

describe strategies to develop successful goals

SMART, positive goals, coaches should not mandate, short term and long term, practice and competition goals, performance goals not winning

What is purpose of HIPPA and goals of privacy rule?

Health Insurance Portability Accountability Act of 1996. Governs a providers use and disclosure of health information and grants individuals new rights of access and control

who is protected under the privacy rule?

anyone with PHI

what is PHI

public health information (info on chart). can be paper, electronic, or oral

why might people not want their PHI shared

what are the most likely ways HIPAA violations happen

what can you do to prevent violating the HIPAA rule? what habits should you be working on now?

smooth muscle

Involuntary muscle found inside many internal organs of the body; fatigue resistant

cardiac muscle

Involuntary muscle tissue found only in the heart; very fatigue resistant

skeletal muscle

A muscle that is attached to the bones of the skeleton and provides the force that moves the bones. fatigue is result of extensive exercise

Agonist

(prime mover) muscles producing desired effect

Antagonist

muscles opposing action

Synergist

muscles surrounding the joint being moved

nervous system

initiates skeletal muscle contraction under conscious control

central nervous system

brain and spinal cord

peripheral nervous system

nerves

sensory nerves

carry information from the sense receptors to the spinal cord and brain.

motor nerves

Nerves that carry information from the central nervous system to skeletal muscles

motor unit

fibres activated via the same nerve

precise movements

many units per muscle; few fibres per muscle

powerful movements

few units per muscle; many fibres per unit

all-or-none principle

all muscle fibres that make up unit will contract maximally if magnitude is reached; smaller magnitude will not cause muscle contraction

activation threshold

Every motor unit has a specific threshold that must be reached for activation

weak nerve impulse

only activates units with low threshold

strong nerve impulse

additionally activates units with higher threshold

intramuscle coordination

the capacity to activate different motor units simultaneously

intermuscle coordination

the capacity to activate various muscles or muscle groups simultaneously to produce action

acute muscle soreness

soreness or pain felt during and immediately after an exercise bout

edema

acute muscle swelling

delayed onset muscle soreness

Pain or discomfort often felt 24 to 72 hours after intense exercise or unaccustomed physical activity.

static

isometric

dynamic

isotonic

concentric

shortening of muscle

eccentric

lengthening of muscle

isokinetic action

strengthening muscles uniformly at all angles of motion; used for rehab and research; special equipment required

pyometric action

sudden eccentric loading and muscle stretching followed by strong concentric contraction

joint angle

Different muscle pulling efficiency and strength production; optimal angle: 90-100 degrees

muscle cross sectional area

more cross-sectional area can create more force

absolute strength

max force produces in single effort; increased active muscle mass = increased absolute strength

relative strength

proportion of max strength relative to body mass; max strength/ body mass=relative strength

speed of movement

linked to max strength, power, and muscular endurance

Power

ability to overcome external resistance by developing a high rate of muscular contraction

fast twitch fibers

muscle fibers that contract rapidly and forcefully but fatigue quickly (sprints)

slow twitch fibers

muscle fibers that contract at a slow rate and have very good endurance (marathon)

intermediate twitch fibers

muscle fibers that possess a combination of the fast and slow-twitch fiber characteristics

sacropenia

muscle loss with age

needed body fat

women- 12% men- 3%

ATP

energy for all biochemical processes

Hydrolisis

the breaking of a bond molecule using water; energy liberated for muscle contraction

ATP resynthesis

ADP + P --> ATP

Energy from breakdown of carbohydrates protein and fat

phosphogen system

immediate energy

Glycolytic System

short term energy