LET Reviewer: Child and Adolescent Development Professional Education

Comprehensive vocabulary flashcards covering basic concepts, major developmental theories (Freud, Erikson, Piaget, Kohlberg, etc.), and stages of human development based on the provided Professional Education reviewer notes.

Growth

Pertains to the physical change and increase in size, which can be measured quantitatively using indicators like height, weight, bone size, and dentition.

Development

Involves an increase in the complexity of function and skill progression, reflecting the capacity and skill of a person to adapt to the environment.

Maturation

Consists of changes that occur relatively independent of the environment and are usually considered to be genetically programmed as a result of heredity.

Zone of Proximal Development (ZPD)

The area wherein a child acquires new skills and information with the help or assistance of an adult or an adult peer.

Heredity

The process of transmitting biological traits from parents to offspring through genes, which are the basic units of heredity.

Environment

Refers to the surrounding condition that influences growth and development.

Theory

Ideas based on observations and other kinds of evidences which are organized in a systematic manner to explain and predict behaviors and development.

Ethological Theory

A perspective that views development in terms of evolutionary concepts.

Attachment

An innate human survival mechanism and lasting psychological connectedness between human beings that establishes an emotional bond to another person.

Microsystem

The specific environment or setting in which the individual lives.

Mesosystem

The relations between the Microsystems or the connections between various contexts.

Exosystem

Occurs when experiences in a social setting where the individual does not have an active role influence what they experience in an immediate context.

Macrosystem

Involves the culture, including behavior patterns and beliefs of a group of people, in which individuals live.

Chronosystem

The patterning of environmental events and transitions over the life-span, including sociohistorical circumstances.

Cephalocaudal principle

The principle describing the direction of growth and development proceeding from the head downward.

Proximodistal development

The principle stating that development proceeds from the center of the body outward, such as the spinal cord developing before outer parts.

Germinal Stage

The period of the zygote lasting from fertilization to $2$\text{ weeks}; call division begins no longer than $36$\text{ hours} after fertilization.

Zygote

The newly formed cell resulting from the union of the egg cell and the sperm cell through fertilization.

Embryonic Period

Lasting from $2$\text{ weeks} to $2$\text{ months} ($8$\text{ weeks}$), this is considered the most critical period because the embryo is most vulnerable to damage and defect.

Fetal Period

Extending from $8$\text{ weeks} to birth, this stage begins with the formation of the first bone cells.

Partunate

A subdivision of infancy from the time the fetal body emerges from the mother's body until the umbilical cord has been cut and tied.

Neonate

A subdivision of infancy from the cutting and tying of the umbilical cord to the end of the second week of postnatal life.

Menarche

A primary sex characteristic in girls referring to the first menstrual flow.

Growth spurt

The rapid acceleration in height and weight that marks the beginning of adolescence.

Adolescence

Derived from the Latin word \text{adolescere}, meaning "to grow to maturity," it is the age when an individual becomes integrated into the society of adults.

Senility

Symptoms in old age including severe memory loss, rambling conversation, and disorientation caused by dementia, a pathological loss of intellectual functioning.

John Bowly

A theorist who focused on how attachment difficulties were transmitted from one generation to the next.

Sigmund Freud

Developed the Psychosexual Theory of personality development focusing on the changing seat of sensual pleasure.

Erik Erikson

Developed the Psychosocial Theory of personality which focuses on the individual's interactions with society.

Lev Semanovich Vygotsky

Proponent of the Sociohistoric-Cognitive/ Linguistic Theory who believed a child is socially dependent at the beginning of their cognitive life.