L16 - Inflammation of Joints

What is ankylosis?

fusion of a joint

What is arthritis?

inflammation of a joint

What is arthrogryposis?

congenital contracture of one or more joints

What is arthropathy?

any joint disease

What is brachygnathia inferior?

relative shortening of the mandibles

What is brachygnathia superior?

relative shortening of the maxilla

What is callus?

disorganized meshwork of woven bone that forms after a fracture

What is chondromalacia?

softening of articular cartilage

What is diskospondylitis?

inflammation of the vertebral body, centered on or originating from the intervertebral disk

What is eburnation?

degenerative process of bone commonly associated with osteoarthritis

What does eburnation look like?

ulceration and loss of articular cartilage results in sclerosis and exposed bone surface with smooth polished appearance

What is enthesophyte?

abnormal bony projections at the attachment of a tendon or ligament

What is exostosis?

nodular benign bony growth projecting outward of the surface of a bone

What is hyperostosis?

excessive growth of bone which increases the diameter of the bone

What is oligoarthritis?

arthritis affecting a small number of joints

What is osteitis?

inflammation of bone

What is osteoarthritis?

condition of chronic arthritis, usually mechanical with minimal inflammation

What is osteochondrosis?

heterogenous group of lesions involving the growth cartilage of young animals characterized by focal or multifocal failure of endochondral ossification

What is osteochondrosis characterized by?

cartilage necrosis in the AECC and retained hypertrophic chondrocytes in the physis

What is osteochondrosis dissecans?

osteochondrosis at the AECC that results in formation of clefts in the necrotic cartilage with subsequent fracture of overlying articular cartilage

What is osteochondrosis latens?

stage of osteochondrosis in which the lesions of cartilage necrosis is confined to the epiphyseal cartilage and is only visible microscopically

What is osteochondrosis manifesta?

stage of osteochondrosis in which the lesion results in focal failure of endochondral ossification and is visible grossly radiographically

What is osteoclasis?

breaking down or absorption of osseous tissue

What is osteomyelitis?

inflammation of the bone and medullary cavity

What is osteopenia?

condition in which bone mineral density and/or bone present is lower than normal

What is osteophyte?

bony projection that forms along joint margins

What is osteoporosis?

disease in which bone fractures occur secondary to a reduction in bone density or mass

What is pannus?

fibrovascular and histiocytic tissue that arises from the synovial membrane and spreads as a membrane over articular cartilage

What is periostitis?

inflammation of the periosteum

What is physis?

hyaline cartilage plate located between the epiphysis and the metaphysis at each end of a long bone

What is polyostotic?

process that affects several bones

What is primary spongiosa?

mineralized cartilage in the developing metaphysis

What is pseudoarthrosis?

false joint formed as a pocket of fibrous tissue and cartilage

What is sclerosis?

increased bone per unit of area

What is sclerostin?

protein that inhibits bone formation by osteoblasts

What is secondary spongiosa?

second stage of mineralization of bony trabeculae

What is subluxation?

partial dislocation of a joint

What is synovitis?

inflammation of the synovium

What animals is osteoarthritis uncommon in?

sheep and cats

What are some degenerative arthropathy conditions?

degenerative joint disease, osteochondrosis, intervertebral disc disease, ankylosing spondylosis

What are some joint changes in osteoarthritis?

joint enlargement, deformity, pain, articular malfunction

What are the classifications of osteoarthritis?

primary and secondary

What is primary osteoarthritis?

idiopathic, degeneration secondary to aging of cartilage

What is secondary osteoarthritis?

degeneration secondary to other bone/joint disease

What are some lesions in primary osteoarthritis?

softening of articular plates, fibrillation, ulceration, eburnation, osteophytes

What are some causes of secondary osteoarthritis?

nutritional, traumatic, developmental cause

What osteochondritis condition is a predisposing factor for osteoarthritis?

osteochondritis dissecans

What is the pathogenesis of osteoarthritis?

trauma to articular cartilage, synovitis, or increased stiffness of the subchondral bone leads to DJD and sclerosis of subchondral bone

What does loss of proteoglycans in osteoarthritis lead to?

chondromalacia, interferes with joint lubrication, collapse of collagen fibers

What does weightbearing on collapsed fibers in osteoarthritis result in?

fibrillation, erosion, ulceration, eburnation, sclerosis

What are some joint clinical signs of joint disease?

swelling, thickening of the joint capsule, loss of normal joint shape

What are some behavioral changes with joint disease?

reduced activity, decreased willingness to play, increased sleeping, irritability, signs of depression

What are gait abnormalities associated with joint disease?

stiff gait, waddling, bunny-hopping, difficulty rising from a lying or sitting position

Why is there muscle atrophy with joint disease?

due to disuse

Why might patients excessively lick or chew with joint disease?

they might lick or chew the area that is causing them pain

What are some processes that occur with an inflammatory response to joint injury?

hyperemia, edema, cellular infiltration

What may happen with synovial fluid when a joint is responding to injury?

production of excess synovial fluid which can cause distension of the joint capsule

What are some joint capsule changes that happen in response to injury?

hyperplasia of the synovial membrane with multiple villous projections, capsular fibrosis

How does the cartilage respond to injury?

degeneration, loss of proteoglycans, ulceration, eburnation, joint mice, osteophytes, pannus

What causes fibrillation in a joint?

too much water causes it to soften

What are the pathologic changes seen in degenerative joint disease?

eburnation, synovial villous hyperplasia, pannus, osteophytosis

What are some examples of degenerative joint disease?

ringbone, spavin, navicular disease, arthropathy of bovine stifle, arthropathy of canine shoulder

What are the portals of entry for joint?

hematogenous, extension from osteomyelitis, spread from adjacent soft tissue infection, iatrogenic, penetrating damage

What are the defense mechanisms for the joint?

immune defenses and articular cartilage

What is the healing ability of articular cartilage?

limited ability to regenerate

If there is inflammation in a joint, what must be destroyed in order for it to progress to degenerative joint disease?

ability of the synovium to provide nutrients and synovial fluid to the cartilage or areas of the cartilage destroyed

What are the ways arthritis is classified as?

infectious and noninfectious

What is a hematogenous infectious arthritis in young animals?

neonatal bacteremia secondary to omphalitis or oral-intestinal entry

How many joints will be affected with infectious arthritis from neonatal bacteremia?

polyarthritis

What type of arthritis comes from iatrogenic/direct inoculation?

infectious arthritis

What type of arthritis results from direct extension from soft tissue or adjacent bone?

infectious arthritis

What is the initiating agent for noninfectious arthritis?

inflammation

What are some characteristics of noninfectious arthritis?

sterile, erosive or nonerosive, and chronic

What bacteria result in fibrinous arthritis?

gram positive

What bacteria result in suppurative arthritis?

gram negative

What lesions result from mycoplasmal arthritis?

fibrinous

What viruses can cause infectious arthritis?

reovirus and caprine arthritis encephalitis

What lesions result from viral arthritis?

chronic fibrinous

What is the synovial fluid like for suppurative joint diseases?

reduced viscosity and neutrophils

What is the synovial fluid like for fibrinous joint diseases?

reduced viscosity and fibrin

What are the lesions like for chronic suppurative diseases?

erosion and ulceration

What are the lesions like for chronic fibrinous diseases?

erosion, ulceration, pannus

What is the synovial membrane like for acute joint diseases?

hyperemia and edema

What is the synovial membrane like for subacute joint diseases?

hyperplasia and lymphoplasmacytic inflammation

What is the synovial membrane like for chronic fibrinous?

hyperemia, lymphoplasmacytic inflammation, fibrin, pannus

What type of arthritis is crystal deposition disease?

noninfectious

What causes crystal deposition disease?

species that lack uricase have excessive urate in the bloodstream resulting in urate crystals deposited in and around joints

What is another term for gout?

crystal deposition disease

What is the function of uricase?

promotes oxidation of urate to allantoin

What species lack uricase?

nonhuman primates, birds, reptiles

What are some erosive noninfectious arthritis conditions?

reactive arthritis and postinfectious sterile arthritis

What is reactive arthritis?

subsequent to infectious inflammation in other organ systems

What is the pathogenesis of reactive arthritis?

cross-reactivity between bacterial heat-shock proteins and articular glycosaminoglycans, homing of sensitized gut lymphocytes to joints

What is postinfectious sterile arthritis?

immune reaction to antigenic breakdown products of bacterial cell walls sequestered in a joint

What are some noninfectious nonerosive arthritis conditions?

idiopathic symmetric oligoarthritides and others are associated with sterile immune-mediated diseases

What are some sterile immune-mediated diseases?

steroid responsive meningitis arthritis, neoplasia, SLE

What causes noninfectious nonerosive arthritis?

immunologic disease elsewhere in the body and localization of immune complexes in the synovium

What type of noninfectious arthritis doesn't have pannus formation?

nonerosive arthritis

What are the two forms of intervertebral disc disease?

hansen type I and hansen type II

What causes hansen type I?

mutation in FGF4