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Social Psychology
Study of how thoughts, feelings, and behaviors are influenced by other people's presence and actors. Includes: Social cognition, social behavior and social influence
Social cognition
How people interpret social information and make sense of others in society.
Social behavior
The actions and interactions of individuals within a society / social groups
Social influence
How people are affected and affect eachother
How we recieve social information
Using social ques
Social ques
things that express other people's emotions, thoughts, and feelings
Example social ques
Body language, facial expression, vocal tone, attractiveness, personal space
Perception
How people make sense of sensory information
Person perception
How we interpret others based on observed physical characteristics
Stereotype
Generalizing from a characteristic or trait, done to understand others and their actions easier. A cognitive shortcut (heuristics)
Heuristic
Cognitive shortcuts we use to understand the world and analyze / make fast decisions / solve problems
Self-fufilling prophecy
When false expectations lead to actions or behaviors which eventually fulfill the belief (can influence social interactions)
How does perception lead to stereotype?
Perceptions can lead to making decisions about these people, which is a type of stereotype
Attribution theory
Explaining the causes of behavior using assumptions. Attributing things to internal or external reasons (situational / despositional)
Actor - observer bias
The way we attribute failures differs between our own failures and others' failures. For own failures, we attribute to external factors, and for others' failures we atribute to internal factors
Fundamental attribution error
When people overemphasize the effect of internal traits (and vice versa) on others' failures
Self
One's own identity which is distinct from others
Self Esteem
How you percieve your self worth
traits of high self esteeem
confidence, able to say no, accept and like yourself, stand up for yourself, accept compliments, set boundaries, forgive yourself
traits of low self esteem
Dislike themselves, passive, sensitive to criticism / defensive, self critical,dwell on mistakes, lack confidence, focus on own flaws, self-doubting
positive illusions
positive views of ourselves not rooted to reality- overly positive
Self-serving bias
When we take credit for our success, but blame outside factors for failure. We do it to maintain and enhance self esteem
Self - objectification
When we see ourself as objects to be judged by physical attributes, believing that self worth comes from physical appearance. Because of social media and unrealistic expectations, bullying, criticism, toxic relationships or a desire for validation.
Stereotype threat
When someone feels that they are at risk of doing something to reinforce a negative stereotype about their group. due to fear or being judged unfairly
Social comparison
When we compare ourselves against other people to get better asessment of ourselves, and motivate progress. But can make one feel inadequate
Attitude
Our feelings and opinions towards things (formed by upbringing). Can predict behaviors.
Things needed for attitude to predict behavior
strong attitude, strong awareness and practice of attitude, issue affects one personally
Cognitive dissonance theory
When behavior does not match attitude, one has to change. Either action / behavior or attitude changes
Self perception theory
When we look back at past behaviors to find our true attitude for something
Persuasion techniques
foot in the door, door in the face
4 elments of persuasion
Communicator, message, target audience, medium
Foot in the door
start small and work way up to large requests
door in the face
Start big. when rejected, ask for small thing instead
Elaboration of likelihood model
Two ways to persuade- central and peripheral routes
Centeral route of persuasion
directly engage with audience in argument
peripheral route of persuasion
indirect method of persuading using other factors, such as trustworthiness
Attitude innoculation
way to resist persuasion by exposing oneself to the weaker version of a counterargument first.
Social behavior
How individual's behavior influenced by the presence of others.
Prosocial behavior and its effects
The actions that help others by focusing on the outcomes not by motivation. The effects are mood booster, reduce stress, and build relationship with others.
Altruism
act of selflessness, helping other to benefit their interests not our.
Egoism
act of helping others to ensure reciprocity.
Reciprocity
when we do positive actions to receive kind action back.
Elements in prosocial behavior
Mood = doing something good can be a great mood booster.
Empathy = be able to understand other people's feeling.
Gender = Stereotype assumes that women will be more empathetic than men and men are likely to help when danger happen.
Social media = can promote aggressive behavior but can also bring out prosocial behavior.
Bystander effect
When we see but not help because they think that other people are going to help
Aggression
ability to engage kindness sits along with other capacities, and it can be in physical and verbal.
Factors influencing aggression
Biological factors = Testosterone can activates part of the brain that trigger aggression.
Neurobiological factors = Damage in frontal lobe can exhibit more aggressive behavior.
Environmental factors = About how you were raised.
Aversive circumstance = physical pain, physical environment such as weather can also trigger aggression.
Cultural variation = In some cultures, they promote masculine pride and family honor.
Media influence = Violence can portrayed on TV and movies.
Some impacts of aggression
ruin interpersonal relationship
depression and anxiety
social isolation
physical injury
Managing agression
Walk away from the situation
Practice mindfulness 3.Be aware for your emotion and signs of anger
Distract yourself with other activities
Social influence
When individual change their behavior, thoughts, attitude to fit in the social norms
Social norms
unwritten rules of behavior that are seen acceptable in society.
Conformity
When individual change their behavior to fit in the social group because they want to be accepted.
Autonomy
When individual take voluntary action that may or may not conform to the group.
Causes of conformity
Informational social influence = when we conform because we have the desire to be right.
Normative = When we change behavior to fit in the group and we want others to like us.
Obedience
when we obey for the order of people that have more power or higher status than us.
Compliance
when the individual gave into an expressed request from other people. We comply to avoid unpleasant experiences or to stay in our comfort zone.
Group influence
How individual choose to take certain action but would never do when they are alone and sometime it referred as " peer pressure ". The stronger influence the more of individual see themselves as the part of the group.
Deindividuation
reason why we act differently when we are in group than when we're alone can be explained
Social contagion
tendency for people to mimic the behavior of those who surrounded them.
Social facilitation
The improvement of an individual's performance when other people are presence.
Social loafing
When people in the group put less effort because of the reduced accountability on individual's effort.
Risky shift
when individual tend to do more risker and less conservative than when making decision alone.
Group popularization
when group move toward more extreme view compared to their initial thoughts before discussion due to hearing news.
Group think
process of impaired decision made to keep the group harmony rather than making the right decision
Majority and minority influence
The decision made by voting and minority could work through informational pressure.
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