Joints Study Guide

What is Arthrology and Kinesiology?

Arthrology: The study of the anatomy, function, dysfunction, treatment of joints

Kinesiology: Study of musculoskeletal movements

Define Fibrous joints

• Bone matrix collagen fibers join bones across gap

• Examples: Skull sutures, radius-ulna, tibia-fibula

• Sutures: serrate, lap, plane

• Gomphoses

• Syndesmoses: ligaments joining bones

Define Cartilaginous joints

• Synchondroses

  • Hyaline cartilage

  • EX: between epiphysis and diaphysis of growing bone; also joint between rib and sternum (costal cartilage)

• Symphyses

  • Fibrocartilage

  • EX: pubic symphysis, intervertebral discs, intervertebral articulations

Define bony joints

• Synostoses: formed by fusion of bones in certain fibrous and cartilaginous joints as they age

  • EX: mandibular bone, frontal bone; shafts and head of long bones; 1st rib and sternum

Define Synovial joints

• Bones separated by space that contains lubricating fluids

• EX: jaw, elbow, hip, knee

• Freely movable

What are the 6 types of synovial joints (give examples; are they monaxial, biaxial or multiaxial)

• Ball-and socket

  • Multiaxial

• Hinge joint

  • Move only in one direction, monoaxial

• Condyloid joint

  • Biaxial

• Saddle joint

  • Trapeziometacarpal joint (base of thumb) and sternoclavicular

  • more movable than fingers, allow opposition/reposition movement

• Pivot joint

  • Bone projection of one bone joining ringlike ligaments of another bone

  • Atlantoaxial and radioulnar joint (elbow)

• Gliding joint

  • Almost flat bone surfaces which glide past each other

  • Amphiathrosis (little movement at joint)

  • EX: carpals, between tarsals, articular process of vertebrae, strenoclavicular joint

What is the structure of a synovial joint?

• Joint cavity: between bones

• Synovial fluid: lubricant

  • Albumin and hyaluronic acid (a GAG)

  • Phagocytes

• Adjoining surfaces covered with hyaline cartilage (articular cartilage)

• Joint capsule: encloses cavity

  • Fibrous capsule continuous w/ periosteum (dense irreg)

  • Synovial membrane of areolar tissue which secretes fluid

• Some joints have meniscus

  • Cartilage grows inward to form cushion

• Tendons: Muscle to bone

• Ligaments: Bone and bone

• Bursa

  • Sac between muscles or where tendon passes over bone; fibrous fluid filled; cushions muscles

• Tendon sheath:

  • Numerous in the hand and foot

  • Elongated cylindrical bursa wrapped around a tendon

    

What structure makes synovial fluid?

Areolar tissue, hyaluronic acid and lubricin, proteinase, and collagenases.

Flexion and extension

• Flexion: decreases angle of joint (sagittal plane)

  • EX: Bending elbow

• Extension: increases angle of joint (sagittal plane)

  • EX: Straightening elbow

Hyperextension

• Extension beyond anatomical position

  • Looking up at the ceiling

Abduction and adduction

• Abduction: movement away from midsagittal line

  • EX: raising arms to side

• Adduction: Movement toward midsagittal line

  • EX: Lowering arms to body

Elevation and depression

• Elevation: Raises bone vertically

  • EX: Closing mouth by raising mandible

• Depression: Lowering bone vertically

  • EX: Opening mouth, as in surprise

Protraction and retraction

• Protraction: Movement of bone anteriorly

  • EX: Moving shoulders forward

• Retraction: Movement of bone posteriorly

  • EX: Pulling shoulders back

Circumduction

• Arm, head, or leg movement describing a cone

  • EX: A windup for an underhand pitch

Medial and lateral rotation

• Arm or leg rotation, spinning in place

  • EX: Toes pointing out, toes pointing in

Supination and Pronation

• Supination: Outward rotation of forearm or foot, faces upward

• Pronation: Inward rotation, causing the palm or sole to face downward

Lateral flexion + right rotation + left rotation (of trunk)

• Lateral flexion: Tilting head or trunk to the right or left of the midline

Lateral and medial excursion of the mandible

• Side to side movement

  • EX: Mandible movement while chewing gum

Ulnar and radial flexion + opposition and reposition of hand

• Ulnar flexion: Tilt hand toward little finger

• Radial flexion: Tilt hand toward thumb

• Opposition: thumb approaching fingertips

• Reposition: Thumb back to anatomical position

Dorsiflexion and plantar flexion

• Dorsiflexion: Toes are raised, heel on ground

• Plantar flexion: Toes down, heel raised

Inversion and eversion (of foot)

• Inversion: Soles turn medially

  • Causes bowleg

• Eversion: Soles turn laterally

  • Causes knock-knee

What are factors affecting range of motion at a joint (Read Axes of rotation pg 281-283)

• Muscle tone: Prevents over-stretch or over-contraction

• Structure of articulating bones

• Muscle bulk

• Tightness of ligaments, tendons, joint capsule

• Fusion of bones (arthritis, syntosis)

What is the glenoid labrum (shoulder joint)

• Ring of fibrocartilage

What is the 4 bursae in a shoulder joint

• Subacromion

• Subcoracoid

• Subscapular

• Subdeltoid

What is the 4 rotator cuff tendons in a shoulder joint

Supraspinatus, infraspinatus, teres minor, and subscapularis. Their tendonds form the rotator cuff

• Is fused to the joint capsule on all sides except the inferior

What is the biceps brachii tendon (shoulder joint)

Two headed muscle located on the front of the upper arm, between shoulder and elbow. Functions is bending elbow joint, rotating forarm, shoulder flexion, shoulder stabilization

What are the 5 ligaments (shoulder joint)

• Glenohumeral ligaments (3): Relatively weak and sometimes absent

• Coracohumeral (2): Extends from the coracoid process of scapula to greater tubercle of the humerus

• Transverse humeral ligament: Extends from the greater to the lesser tubercle of humerus, forms a tunnel housing the tendon from the long head of the biceps. 

What is the patellar ligament (Knee joint)

Articulates with the femur to form a gliding patellofemoral joint

What is intrascapular ligaments (Knee joint)

• Anterior cruciate ligament (ACL)

• Posterior Cruciate ligament (PCL)

Named based off of location of tibia (not femur). PCL precents femur from sliding off the front of the tibia and prevents tibia from being displaces backwards. ACL is pulled tight and prevents hyperextension when knee is extended.

What are extrascapular ligaments (Knee joint)

Supports knee in the popliteal region

What are the 2 joints in the knee

Tibifemoral: Largest and most complex diarthrosis of the body

• Primarily hige joint

Patellofemoral: Patella and patellar ligament also articulate with femur to form the patellofermoral joint.

• Gliding joint

What is a sprain

Torn ligament or tendon, sometimes with damage to a meniscus or other cartilage

What is strain

Painful overstretching of a tendon or muscle without serious tissue damage. Often result from inadequate warm-up before exercise.

What is rheumatism

Broad term for any pain the supportive and locomotory organs of the body, including bones, ligaments, tendons and muscles

What is arthritis

Broad term for pain/inflammation at joint

• Osteoarthritis: Wear and tear, associated with degeneration of articular cartilage, exposure of bone and development of boney spurs

• Rheumatoid arthritis: Immune system

  • Attacks synovial membranes

  • Ankylosis (bone fusion) occurs

What is tendonitis

Form of bursitis in which a tendon sheath is inflamed

What is bursitis

Inflammation of bursa, usually due to overuse of joint

What is gout

Hereditary disease, most common in men, uric acid crystals accumulate in joints and irritate other articular cartilage and synovial membrane. 

• Causes swelling, pain, tissue degeneration, sometimes fusion of joint, gouty arthritis. Most commonly affects great toe.