unit 1 final ap

anatomy

study of internal and external body structures and physical relationship

physiology

study of how living organisms perform their functions

homeostasis

refers to the existence of a stable internal environment.

pathology

 study of disease

cytology

study of cells 

histology

study of tissues

atom

the smallest stable unit of matter

chemical

collection of atoms

organelle

collection of chemicals

cell

collection of organelles

tissue

group of cells

organ

made of 2 or more tissues

organ System

group of organs

organism

individual life form

positive feedback

response to a stimulus that increase

negative feedback

response to a stimulus that decrease 

what are the levels of oganization smallest to largest

 chemical,organelle, cellular,tissue,organ.organ system,organism

what are the levels of organization largest to biggest

organism,organ system,organ,tissue,cellular,chemical

integumentary system

protects against environmental hazard, help regulat body temp, provide sensory info 

skeletal system

provides support and protection for tissues, store calcium, form blood cells 

muscular system

provides movement, generate body heat to maintain body temp

nervous system

directs immediate responses to stimuli

endocrine system

directs long term changes in the activity of other organ systems. adjust metabolic activity and energy

cardiovascular system

distributes blood cells, water, oxygen, co2

lympatic system

defends against disease

respiratory system

delivers air to alveoli, provide oxygen to bloodstream, remove co2 from bloodstream

digestive system

digests food, absorbs nutrients

urinary system

excretes waste products from blood, control water balance

reproductive system

produces sex cells

neck

cervical

chest

thoracic

underarm

axillary

arm

brachial

forearm

antebrachial

wrist

carpal

hand

manual

loin

lumbar

buttocks

glutteal

anterior pelvis

pelvic

groin

inguinal

back of the knee

popliteal

ankle

tarsal

foot

pedal

sole

plantar

atom

basic unit of matter

ion

charged ion

cation

positively charged atom

anion

negatively charged ion

organic compound

any substance that consists of at least C and H

inorganic compound

compound that lacks C and or H

acid

any substance that releases h+ (proton) when placed in a solution

base

any substance that removes h+ (proton) when placed in a solution

Buffer

any substance that resists changes in pH

ph#

7= neurtral

0=acid

14= base (alkaline)

4 majors classes of organic compounds

carbohydrates, lipids, protein, nucleic acid 

carbohydrates

-C,H,O 

-called polysaccharides, or complex sugars 

-store/provide + store energy for out cells (fats)

lipids

-C,H,O

-fat, oil

-alternate source of energy 

protein

-C,H,O,N (S)

-polymers (long chains) of amino acids (peptide)-polypeptide 

-are functional molecules of cell 

-structural (cytoskeleton)- shape

-enzymes - involved in biochemicals reactions 

nucleic acid

-C,H,O,N,P

-polymer (long chains) of nucleotides

- polynucleotides

-store and transfer genetic info

cell membrane

lipid bilayer; isolation, protection, controls permability, sensitivity 

cytoplasm

 entire cellular content 

cytosol

fluid portion of the cytoplasm

cytoskeleton

network of interconnect proteins, provides shape + support for the cell

cilia

long membranous extensions that move substances along the surface of the cell

microvilli

short membranous extensions that increase to the surface area for absorption

centrioles

separate chromosomes during cell division 

centrosome

area of the cell near nucleus where centrioles are found 

free ribosome

floating freely in the cytoplasm, synthesize protein the REMAIN in the cell

Bound ribosome

attached to the rough ER, synthesize proteins that are SECRETED from the cell

nucleus

double membrane with pores= nuclear envelope stors/protect the DNA of the cell

rough ER

network interconnected membranous tubules with ribosomes attached

smooth ER

network interconnected membranous tubules with NO ribosomes attached

golgi apparatus

series of flattened membranous sacs, contain enzymes that alter proteins for secretion 

mitochondria

contains enzymes that convert glucose + O2 = ATP 

lysosome

specialized vessels that contain enzymes that digest foreign substances

4 functions of cell membrane

isolation, protection, permeability, sensitivity 

hydrophilic

 water loving, head

hydrophobic

water fearing, tails 

the different proteins in cell membrane

integral membrane proteins, peripheral proteins 

active transport:

 requires cell to burn energy to more substances

passive transport

does not require the cell to expand energy

diffusion

 passive movement of a substane from a area of high concentration to low concentration 

Osmosis

passive movement of a substance of water water from area of high water concentration to area of low water concentration

Water always follows a

solute

Isotonic

same concentration to solution ,no osomotic flow occurs

hypertonic

higher concentration to solution,water moves out of the cell

Hypotonic 

lower concentration to solution, water moves into cell

The cell remains normal in shape and size

Isotonic

The cell swells and may burst

Hypotonic

The cell shrivels

Hypertonic

DNA: deoxyribonucleic acid

-double stranded 

5-carbo sugar = deoxyribose 

Phosphase group= PO4-

Nitrogenous bases= adenine, thymine, cytosine, guanine 

(At The Golf Course)

RNA: ribonucleic acid 

-single stranded

5-carbo sugar= ribose

Phosphatase group= PO4-

Nitrogenous bases= adenine, uracil, cytosine, guanine

(All Unicorns Can Gallop)

Sodium/Potassium pump: 

-uses atp

-maintains rmp

-Moves Na⁺ out, K⁺ in

ATP

adenosine triphosphate 

Mitosis

diffusion of the cell

Interphase 

-nuclear envelope is intact 

-DNA is in a form called chromatin 

-normal cellular function occurs

Prophase

-nuclear envelope is broken down 

-chromatin is condensed into chromosomes 

-centrioles migrate to opposite poles

Metaphase

-chromosome line up

-centrioles reach opposite poles and attach spindle fibers to each chromatid at the centromere

Anaphase

-centrioles retract spindle fibers

-chromosomes separates inro chromatid 

Telophase 

-chromosomes reach opposite poles recoil→ chromatin 

-nuclear envelope is reassembled 

-cytokinesis occurs (cell pinching)