Ultimate APworld Semester 1 set -- Chapters 2-9 Flashcards

Grand Canal

A canal linking northern and southern China that helped unify China politically and brought it great prosperity.

Song Dynasty

(960 - 1279 AD) Chinese dynasty that introduced many important inventions like the magnetic compass; paper money, gun powder

Foot Binding

Chinese practice of tightly wrapping girls' feet to keep them small, begun in the Tang dynasty; an emphasis on small size and delicacy was central to views of female beauty.

Tribute System

Chinese method of dealing with foreign lands and peoples that assumed all non-Chinese states inferior and required the payment of tribute (gift)—to the Chinese emperor.

Vietnamese Champa Rice

Fast ripening rice brought from Vietnam to China that allowed for population growth in Southern Song China

Filial Piety

Confucian thought that stresses respect for parents and elders

Abbasid Caliphate

(750-1258 CE) The caliphate, after the Umayyads, who focused more on administration than conquering. Had a bureaucracy that any Muslim could be a part of.

Seljuk Turks

nomadic people from central Asia who converted to Islam and took command of the empire (in 1055)

Ottoman Empire

Major Islamic state centered on Anatolia that came to include the Balkans, the Near East, and much of North Africa.

Sultanate of Delhi

Major Turkic Muslim state established in northern India (in 1206)

Dar al-Islam

an Arabic term that that refers to lands under Islamic rule

European Feudalism

a social system existing in medieval Europe in which people worked and fought for nobles who gave them protection and land in return.

Serfdom

A type of labor commonly in which the laborers work the land in return for protection but they are bound to the land. (This was common in early Medieval Europe as well as in Russia until the mid 19th century.)

Manorialism

Economic system during the Middle Ages that revolved around self-sufficient farming estates where lords and peasants shared the land.

Maya city-states

A major civilization of Mesoamerica known for the most elaborate writing system in the Americas and other intellectual and artistic achievements (e.g. mathematical system, calendar) ( (flourished from 250 to 900 C.E.)

Aztecs/Mexica

Also known as Mexica, they created a powerful empire in central Mexico, later conquered by the Spanish

Inca Empire

Powerful empire in Peru. later conquered by the Spanish in 1535

Gunpowder

Invented in China but used by Europeans to dominate others

China's economic revolution

A major rise in prosperity that took place in China under the Song dynasty (960-1279), which was marked by rapid population growth, urbanization, economic specialization, the development of an immense network of internal waterways, and a great increase in industrial production and technological innovation.

Champa Rice

Quick-maturing rice that can allow two harvests in one growing season. Originally introduced into Champa from India, it was later sent to China as a tribute gift by the Champa state (as part of the tributary system.)

Hangzhou

China's capital during the Song dynasty, with a population of more than a million people.

Hangul

Korean alphabet used in this era that demonstrates a cultural element not adopted from China

chu nom

A variation of Chinese writing developed in Vietnam that became the basis for an independent national literature; "southern script."

Bushido

the code of honor and morals developed by the Japanese samurai. "way of the warrior"

Al-Andalus

A Muslim-ruled region in what is now Spain, established by the Berbers in the eighth century A.D. Islam Spain. Great intellectual center of Islam.

Byzantine Empire

(330-1453) The eastern half of the Roman Empire, which survived after the fall of the Western Empire at the end of the 5th century C.E. Its capital was Constantinople, named after the Emperor Constantine.

Eastern Orthodox Christianity

A branch of Christianity that developed in the Byzantine Empire and that did not recognize the Pope as its supreme leader

Caeseropapism

The practice of the emperor choosing the bishops. This was only practiced in Byzantium, where the emperor gave a blessing to the bishops chosen by the patriarch, the leader of the Eastern Orthodox church. It led to a centralization of power for the emperor.

Kievan Rus

State that emerged around the city of Kiev in the ninth century C.E.; a culturally diverse region that included Vikings as well as Finnic and Baltic peoples. The conversion of Vladimir, the grand prince of Kiev, to Orthodox Christianity in 988 had long-term implications for Russia.

Roman Catholic Church

Church established in western Europe during the Roman Empire and the Middle Ages with its head being the bishop of Rome or pope.

European Renaissance

A cultural movement known as the "rebirth" of classical learning, most often associated with the cultural blossoming of Italy (centered in Florence) in the period 1350-1500; included not just a rediscovery of Greek learning but also major developments in the arts and literature as well as growing secularism in society

Mexicas

most powerful group of people among the Aztecs

Mita

Labor extracted for lands assigned to the state and the religion; all communities were expected to contribute; an essential aspect of Inca imperial control. Incan system.

Hagia Sophia

the Cathedral of Holy Wisdom in Constantinople, built by order of the Byzantine emperor Justinian

SILK ROAD

Trade routes that connected China and the Middle East across Central Asia. Commodities along the Silk Road included silk, porcelain, etc.

SAMARKAND

an oasis town along the silk roads in central Asia

Zheng He

Chinese naval explorer during the Ming Dynasty who led a series of state voyages (that took his gigantic ships through the Indian Ocean, from Southeast Asia to Africa.)

Neo-Confucianism

A philosophy that emerged in Song-dynasty China; it revived Confucian thinking while adding in Buddhist and Daoist elements.

Indian Ocean Trade Network

Sea-based exchange routes that connected Africa, the Middle East, India, and Southeast Asia. Commodities include spices, cotton, etc.

Astrolabe

An instrument used by sailors to determine their location by observing the position of the stars and planets

Arab Dhow

Arab ships used in Indian Ocean - had triangular sails (lateen) that allowed them to sail in the wind

Chinese junks

best ships in the world during Tang/Song/Ming era

Srivijaya

A Malay kingdom that dominated the Straits of Malacca between 670 and 1025 C.E.; noted for its creation of a native/Indian hybrid culture.A maritime empire that held the Strait of Malacca; also became center of Buddhism

Malacca

Flourishing trading city in Malaya; established a trading empire after the fall of Shrivijaya.

City-states on Swahili Coast

An East African civilization that emerged in the eighth century C.E. from a blending of Bantu, Islamic, and other Indian Ocean trade elements.

Camel Saddle

Seat which gives camel riders more stability on the animal; its invention traveled along the Trans-Saharan Caravan Trade Route.

Camel Caravans

Used to travel across deserts in Trans-Saharan trade and Silk Road

Magnetic Compass

Chinese invention that aided navigation by showing which direction was north

Monsoon winds

Seasonal winds, which carried ships on the Indian Ocean between India and Africa

Trans-Saharan Trade

Trade route between peoples north and south of the Sahara trade route that traded for gold and salt

Paper money

Legal currency issued on paper; it developed in China as a convenient alternative to metal coins

Great Zimbabwe

A powerful state in the African interior that apparently emerged from the growing trade in gold to the East African coast (flourished between 1250 and 1350 C.E.)

Ibn Battuta

Muslim traveler, who wrote a detailed account of his visits to Islamic lands, including Africa

Mali

West African kingdoms that built wealth and power through the trans-Saharan trade of salt and gold

Mansa Musa

Ruler of Mali (r. 1312-1337). His extravagant pilgrimage through Egypt to Mecca in 1324-1325 established the empire's reputation for wealth in the Mediterranean world.

Swahili city-states

City coasts that actively participated in Indian Ocean trade along the East coast of the African continent. City coasts that actively participated in Indian Ocean trade along the East coast of the African continent

Timbuktu, Mali

East African city on the Trans-Saharan Trading Route

Caravanasary

any large inn or hotel for travelers on the Silk Road

Cahokia

Mississippian settlement near present-day East St. Louis, home to as many as 25,000 Native Americans

Inca road system

A royal network for the Incas, trade, goods, communication, systems which used people by them running and animals as transportation vehiclesl.

Bills of Exchange

a written order to a person requiring the person to make a specified payment to the signatory or to a named payee; a promissory note.

Islamic Green Revolution

A period of agricultural growth based on sharing of knowledge and plants across the Islamis Empire

Pure Land Buddhism

Emphasized salvationist aspects of Chinese Buddhism; popular among masses of Chinese society.

Mahyana Buddhism

"Great Vehicle" branch of Buddhism followed in China, Japan, and Central Asia. The focus is on reverence for Buddha and for bodhisattvas, enlightened persons who have postponed nirvana to help others attain enlightenment.

Theravada Buddhism

"Way of the Elders" branch of Buddhism followed in Sri Lanka and much of Southeast Asia. Theravada remains close to the original principles set forth by the Buddha; it downplays the importance of gods and emphasizes austerity and the individual's search for enlightenment.

Trans-Saharan Trade

route across the sahara desert. Major trade route that traded for gold and salt, created caravan routes, economic benefit for controlling desert, camels played a huge role in the trading

trans-Saharan slave trade

A fairly small-scale trade that developed in the twelfth century C.E., exporting West African slaves captured in raids across the Sahara for sale mostly as household servants in Islamic North Africa; the difficulty of travel across the desert limited the scope of this trade.

Hausa Kingdoms

Peoples of northern Nigeria; formed states following the demise of Songhay Empire that combined Muslim and pagan traditions. West African people who lived in several city-states of what is now northern Nigeria

Ghana, Mali, Songhai

• West African kingdoms that built wealth and power through trans-Saharan trade of salt and gold

Temujin (Chinggis Khan)

Birth name of the Mongol leader better known as Chinggis Khan (1162-1227), or "universal ruler," a name he acquired after unifying the Mongols. (pron. TEM-oo-chin)

Mongol world war

Term used to describe half a century of military campaigns, massive killing, and empire building pursued by Chinggis Khan and his successors in Eurasia after 1209.

Khubilai Khan

Grandson of Chinggis Khan who ruled China from 1271 to 1294. (pron. koo-buh-l'eye kahn)

Yuan dynasty (China)

Mongol dynasty initiated by Khubilai Khan that ruled China from 1271 to 1368.

Hulegu

Grandson of Chinggis Khan who became the first il-khan (subordinate khan) of Persia. (pron. HE-luh-gee)

Safavid Empire

Major Turkic empire established in Persia in the early sixteenth century and notable for its efforts to convert its people to Shia Islam. (pron. SAH-fah-vid)

Khanate of the Golden Horde

The Russian name for the incorporation of Russia into the Mongol Empire in the mid-thirteenth century; known to Mongols as the Kipchak Khanate.

Black Death (plague)

A massive pandemic that swept through Eurasia in the early fourteenth century, spreading along the trade routes within and beyond the Mongol Empire and reaching the Middle East and Western Europe by 1347. Associated with a massive loss of life.

Ogedai

The third son of Chinggis Khan who succeeded him as leader of the Mongols. A bit of an alcoholic.

Ivan Money Bags

collected taxes from the Mongols (tributary rule); paved the way for other Ivan's by making Moscow the richest city; Ivan the first

Ming Dynasty

Succeeded Mongol Yuan dynasty in China in 1368; lasted until 1644; initially mounted huge trade expeditions to southern Asia and elsewhere, but later concentrated efforts on internal development within China.

Kievan Rus

Not settled by Mongols who chose intead to live on steppes and collect tributes from these dudes.

Gun powder, paper, battering rams

stuff the Mongols took from China and diffused elsewhere.

Orthodox Christian Church

Flourished under Mongol rule in Kievan Rus due to no taxation and lots of permission to spread.

Pochteca

Special merchant class in Aztec society; specialized in long-distance trade in luxury items. Also spies.

Silk Road

Buddhism spread along this, adapting to different cultures.

Hernán Cortés

Spanish conquistador who led the expedition that conquered the Aztec Empire in modern Mexico.

Great Dying

Term used to describe the devastating demographic impact of European-borne epidemic diseases on the Americas; in many cases, up to 90 percent of the pre-Columbian population died.

Little Ice Age

A period of unusually cool temperatures from the thirteenth to nineteenth centuries, most prominently in the Northern Hemisphere.

General Crisis

The near-record cold winters experienced in much of China, Europe, and North America in the mid-seventeenth century, sparked by the Little Ice Age; extreme weather conditions led to famines, uprisings, and wars.

Columbian exchange

The enormous network of transatlantic communication, migration, trade, and the transfer of diseases, plants, and animals that began in the period of European exploration and colonization of the Americas.

mercantilism

The economic theory that governments served their countries' economic interests best by encouraging exports and accumulating bullion (precious metals such as silver and gold); helped fuel European colonialism.

mestizo

A term used to describe the mixed-race population of Spanish colonial societies in the Americas, most prominently the product of unions between Spanish men and Native American women. (pron. mehs-TEE-zoh)

mulattoes

Term commonly used for people of mixed African and European blood.

settler colonies

Imperial territories in which Europeans settled permanently in substantial numbers. Used in reference to the European empires in the Americas generally and particularly to the British colonies of North America.

Russian Empire

A Christian state centered on Moscow that emerged from centuries of Mongol rule in 1480; by 1800, it had expanded into northern Asia and westward into the Baltics and Eastern Europe. Came from Kievan Rus.

yasak

Tribute that Russian rulers demanded from the native peoples of Siberia, most often in the form of furs.

Qing expansion

The growth of Qing dynasty China during the seventeenth and eighteenth centuries into a central Asian empire that added a small but important minority of non-Chinese people to the empire's population and essentially created the borders of contemporary China.

Mughal Empire

A successful state founded by Muslim Turkic-speaking peoples who invaded India and provided a rare period of relative political unity (1526-1707); their rule was noted for efforts to create partnerships between Hindus and Muslims.

Akbar

The most famous emperor of India's Mughal Empire (r. 1556-1605); his policies are noted for their efforts at religious tolerance and inclusion.

Aurangzeb

Mughal emperor (r. 1658-1707) who reversed his predecessors' policies of religious tolerance and attempted to impose Islamic supremacy. (pron. ow-rang-ZEHB)