★ pltw medical interventions: unit 2 terms

pltw unit 2: how to screen what is in your genes terms! this is useful if your teacher does match the term in the test.. feel free to check out my profile for other biomed stuff :]

genes

a discrete unit of hereditary information consisting of a specific nucleotide sequence in DNA

genome

the complement of an organism's genes; an organism's genetic material

genetic counseling

a process of communication that deals with the occurrence or risk that a genetic disorder will occur in a family

genetic testing

the use of methods to determine if someone has a genetic disorder, will develop one, or is a carrier

single gene disorders

caused by changes or mutations in the DNA sequence of one gene

multifactorial gene disorders

caused by a combination of environmental factors and mutations in multiple genes

chromosomal disorders

when problems arise in the cell cycle that result in missing or extra copies of genes breaks deletions or the rejoining of chromosomes

mitochondrial disorders

a rare type of genetic disorder caused by mutations in nonchromosomal DNA of mitochondria; usually passed from the mother

carrier screening

determines whether an individual carries a copy of an altered gene for a particular recessive disease even though they do not show the trait phenotypically

preimplantation genetic diagnosis (PGD)

used following in vitro fertilization to diagnose a genetic disease or condition before the embryo is implanted in the uterus by removing a single cell and examining it for chromosomal abnormalities or genetic changes

chorionic villus sampling (CVS)

a technique for diagnosing genetic and congenital defects in a fetus by removing and analyzing a sample of the fetal portion of the placenta

amniocentesis

a technique for determining genetic abnormalities in a fetus by the presence of certain chemicals or defective fetal cells in the amniotic fluid- obtained by aspiration from a needle inserted into the uterus.

fetal screening/prenatal diagnosis

techniques such as amniocentesis

newborn screening

used to detect genetic or metabolic conditions for which early diagnosis and treatment are available

karyotype

a display of the chromosome pairs of a cell arranged by size and shape

polymerase chain reaction (PCR)

a technique that involves copying short pieces of DNA and then making millions of copies in a short period of time

taq polymerase

a DNA synthesis enzyme that can withstand the high temperatures of PCR

genotype

the genetic makeup of an organism represented as two letters-- one for each allele making up the genotype

phenotype

the physical and physiological traits of an organism

single nucleotide polymorphism (SNP)

one base-pair variation in the genome sequence

restriction enzyme

a degradative enzyme that recognizes specific nucleotide sequences and cuts up DNA.

primer

a short piece of DNA or RNA that is complementary to a section of template strand and acts as an attachment and starting point for the synthesis strand during DNA replication

gene therapy

the alteration of the genes of a person afflicted with a genetic disease

vector

an agent (as a plasmid or virus) that contains or carries modified genetic material and can be used to introduce extra genes into the genome of an organism

plasmid DNA

a circular DNA molecule found in prokaryotes and some eukaryotic cells

liposome

a spherical vesicle surrounded by a lipid bilayer

herpes virus

a virus known to cause herpes type 1 and type 2 infections in humans

adeno-associated virus

a virus that infects primates and is not currently known to cause disease

adenovirus

a virus known to cause a variety of illnesses in humans

retrovirus

a virus (many of which are capable of infecting humans) and inserts a copy of its genome into host cells

lentivirus

a retrovirus that is known to cause serious diseases in humans

in vivo therapy

taking place inside a living organism

in vitro therapy

performed in the lan; outside of a living organism

CRISPR

Clustered Regulatory Interspaced Short Palindromic Repeats (CRISPR); the short

preimplantation genetic testing (PGT)

reproductive tech in which the determination of genetic abnormalities in the embryo before it is transferred to the uterus