Fats, Proteins,, and ATP-PC

Fatty acids

• Even # of 4 to 24 carbon atoms bound in chain
• Saturated, monounsaturated, polyunsaturated

Triglyceride

Form of fatty acids stored in fat cells (and other cells

including skeletal muscle)

• Glycerol molecule plus 3 fatty acid

Saturated Fatty acids

has no double bonds and contains max number of hydrogen atoms

Unsaturated fatty acid

does not contain max number of hydrogen atoms, at least one double bond. includes monounstaurated and polyunsaturated. these are “healthy” fats found in plants

Monounsaturated fatty acids

at least one double bond

Polyunsaturated fatty acids

more than one double bond

Triglycerides

storage form of fat in body, stored in fat cells

What are triglycerides broken into when needed for energy energy by lipolysis ?

glycerol and three fatty acids

Where can glycerol be used to synthesize glucose?

at the liver

Triglyceride storage can be depleted through exercise t/f ?

f

1 lb contains how many calories? or kg?

3,500 cal per lb, 7,700 cal per kg

lipolysis

process that breaks down triglycerides into glycerol and free fatty acids for energy.

What is the enzyme that catalyzes release of fatty acids from triglycerides?

lipase

Hormones that activate lipase

Epinephrine, norepinephrine, growth hormone, atrial
natriuretic hormone, brain natriuretic hormone, and
glucagon

hormones/substances that INHIBIT LIPASE

Lactate, insulin, ketones

Structure of Protein

central carbon bounf to hydrogyen, amino group, acid group, and unique side chain that distinguishes each

Essential amino acids

must be ingested in food, cannot be synthesized

Nonessential amino acids

can be synthesized by body

Amino acid structure

deanimation

the process of removing an amino group from an amino acid, typically resulting in the production of ammonia and a keto acid.

transanimation

the process of transferring an amino group from one amino acid to a keto acid, forming a new amino acid and a new keto acid.

glucogenic

amino acids that can be converted into glucose through gluconeogenesis.

Alanine-glucose cycle

ketogenic

amino acids that can be converted into ketone bodies, used for energy during fasting or low carbohydrate intake. '

from citric acid cycle intermediates

What does breakdown and waste elimination require?

water

Enzymes

protein molecules that facilitate a chemical/metabolic reaction by lowering energy of activation.(speeds up)

Catabolic reaction

breaking down of substrate into molecules, releases energy

Anabolic reaction

using energy to form a product from separate molecules

Mass action effect

the concentration of substrates and products determines which direction a reaction will go.

ex. A+B←→AB, a higher concentration of the substrates A and B will cause the anabolic production of AB; a higher concentration of the product AB will cause its catabolism, thereby producing A and B

Adenosine Triphosphate (ATP) is a product of

both aerobic and anaerobic metabolism

ATP is composed of

adenine, ribose, 3 phosphate molecules

ATP + H2O=

ADP + Pi +H+ + energy

ADP/adenosine diphosphate

adenine, ribose, 2 phosphate. formed when atp releases phosphate group

Pi

inorganic phosphate

Break down of ATP results in

a release of energy to cell and increase in acidity due to increase in H+

ATP

release of energy w breakdown of atp

Anaerobic metabolism

(does not require oxygen) used in short, high intensity activities ex.sprinting, weightlifting

First 30 seconds of anaerobic metabolism uses...

ATP-PC system

30 sec to 3 minutes of anaerobic metabolism uses…

glycolysis

Aerobic metabolism occurs in

mitochondria

Aerobic metabolism

(requires oxygen)

longer than 3 minutes

ATP-PC system / ATP-Phosphocreatine (aka phosphagen

uses stored phosphocreatine to rebuild ATP during short bursts of high intensity activity, lasts 30 seconds

Creatine kinase

breaks PC into creatine and phosphate. phosphate donated to adp to replenish atp

phosphocreatine

Breakdown of phosphocreatine and production of ATP

primary cause of muscle force and fatigue

-increased acidity from hydrolysis of atp and production of hydrogen

-accumulatoon of pi due to hydrolysis of atp

when depletion of PC occurs

an aerobic recovery period is needed to reform PC. ex. high intensity boughts accompanied by low-intensity recovery periods.