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Unhealthy Chesapeake
Settlers in the Chesapeake faced severe disease conditions, including malaria, dysentery, and typhoid.
Life Expectancy
Newcomers to the Chesapeake had their life expectancy reduced by ten years due to harsh living conditions.
Mortality Rates
About half of those born in early Virginia and Maryland did not survive past their twentieth birthday.
Gender Imbalance
In 1650, men outnumbered women nearly six to one in the Chesapeake colonies.
Fragility of Family Life
High mortality rates led to short-lived marriages and few children growing up with both parents.
Acquired Immunity
Native-born inhabitants developed immunity to diseases over time, contributing to population recovery.
Tobacco Economy
Chesapeake settlers prioritized tobacco cultivation, leading to significant exports and soil depletion.
Labor Shortages
Native Americans were not a sustainable labor source, leading to reliance on indentured servants and later African slaves.
Indentured Servants
Many English displaced farmers became indentured servants, trading labor for passage and freedom dues.
Headright System
Introduced in 1618, it granted land to those who paid for a laborer's passage, benefiting wealthy planters.
Bacon’s Rebellion
In 1676, Nathaniel Bacon led a rebellion against Governor Berkeley due to frustrations over land scarcity and Indian attacks.
Colonial Freedom
The arrival of Africans in 1619 marked the beginning of slavery in Virginia, with increasing reliance on African slaves by the 1680s.
Middle Passage
The brutal journey across the Atlantic for enslaved Africans, with high death rates.
Southern Society
By 1750, blacks constituted nearly half of Virginia's population and outnumbered whites in South Carolina.
New England Society
Settlers enjoyed a higher life expectancy due to clean water and cooler temperatures compared to the Chesapeake.
Half-Way Covenant
Introduced in 1662, it allowed unconverted children of church members to be baptized, weakening religious exclusivity.
Salem Witch Trials
In 1692, a series of trials led to the execution of twenty individuals accused of witchcraft in Salem, Massachusetts.
Education in New England
Puritans established schools to ensure Bible reading, leading to high literacy rates.
Great Awakening
A religious revival in the 1730s and 1740s that emphasized emotional expressions of faith and led to denominational schisms.
Colonial Press
John Peter Zenger's trial in 1734 established a precedent for freedom of the press in America.
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