Mexico

maquiladoras

new industry/factories on the border between US and MX, provide low-paying jobs

mestizos

mixed-race mexicans

sexenio

the limitation of MX president to 1 six-year term

haciendas

large land estates, broken up under constitution in favor of ejidos

ejidos

state-owned land worked by peasants

camarillas

strong patron-client relations, large networks of PRI supporters who gained benefits from PRI rule (jobs in gov, promotions based on loyalty and getting out the vote)

cacique

local party boss, direct economic and personal benefits were distributed through a cacique to the poor + rural areas/communities who in return expected political support

one-party dominant system

political system in which many parties are allowed to run candidates but only one party wins most elections

pendulum effect/theory

party swings from the far left to the far right depending on who is leading it, refers to PRI dominance

Federal Electoral Institute (IFE)

established to count votes and monitor elections, independent org., limited PRI’s ability to manipulate outcomes through fraud

NAFTA

1994 - treaty between Canada, US, and MX that eliminated tariffs and reduced trade barriers, both good and bad for MX

patron-clientalism

when those in power offer benefits to citizens in exchange for political support

corporatism

a system in which the state controls interest groups and chooses the ones it wishes to recognize

peak association

an org. authorized by the gov. to represent a group, such as labor, business, or agriculture

pluralism

a system in which groups are allowed to form and advocate for their interests outside of gov. control, as democracy grows pluralism grows, when there is more corruption there is less pluralism

cooptation

when the gov. buys off its critics

PRI

dominant party from 1929-2000, remained in power in part due to voter fraud, voting for PRI considered patriotic, strong tradition of corporatism and patron-clientalism, centrist party ideologically but its ideology depends on its leader

PAN

traditional right-wing party, supported by Catholics and northern business-people, advocates free trade policies, lower taxes, privatization, ended PRI dominance

PRD

left-wing party, supports state control over industry, rights for minorities, social services for the poor, draws support from urban poor and south of MX

MORENA

left-wing party, overtook PRD as main left-wing party

1917 Constitution

created a “flexible” constitution (allowed authoritarian one party state and democratic multiparty state), created separation of state (church and priests used to have a lot of power)

Zapatista Movement/Chiapas Rebellion

critical juncture, protested NAFTA, gov. response was Indigenous Rights Bill 2001

The Missing 43 or Iguala Massacre (2014)

critical juncture, created massive outrage as it highlighted corruption

single member district plurality

allows for independent candidates to win, 1 rep. per district and receives the most votes, leads to a 2 party system

proportional representation

voters vote for the party not specific candidates, multiple members per districts, each party awarded same % of seats as % of vote, leads to multiparty system

machismo

male superiority and masculine pride, male dominance

marianismo

the ideal woman (“virgin mary”, traditional, family oriented), if a woman is not this she’s a temptress