THE MOLECULAR AND CELLULAR BASIS OF LIFE

CELL

the

fundamental structural, functional, and

biological unit of all living organisms.Often called the "building block of life,

 Obtaining and using energy

 Producing and utilizing biomolecules

 Growth and development

 Reproduction

 Responding to stimuli

 Maintaining homeostasis

Cells carry out essential life processes such as:

CELL THEORY

is a fundamental concept in

biology that explains the relationship

between cells and living organisms. It

provides the foundation for understanding

how life is organized and how biochemical

processes occur within living cells

ROBERT HOOKE -

1665

Who coined the term “cell”

Antonie van Leeuwenhoek (1632–1723)

s a

Dutch businessman, scientist, and self-taught lens

maker. Commonly recognized as the "Father of

Microbiology," he is celebrated for discovering the

microscopic

world

and

revolutionizing

our

understanding of microscopic life

Matthias Schleiden-1838

German Botanist

 Prior to his work, scientists often viewed plant

structures under the microscope as continuous tissue

rather than individual cellular units. His

proposal provided the first half of the foundational

principle that all living things are composed of

cells.

THEODOR SCHWANN-1839

German Zoologist and Physiologist.

 he work on plants to

animal tissues, concluding that all animals (and

thus all living organisms) are composed of cells.

Rudolf Virchow-1855

Coined/popularized the famous phrase “Omnis cellula e

cellula” (“Every cell arises from a pre-existing cell”)

Completed the classic 3 pillars of

Cell Theory by establishing that cells do not spontaneously

generate, but instead come strictly from the division of

existing cells.

All living organisms are composed of cells

The cell is the basic structural and functional unit of life

All cells arise from Pre-existing cells

Principle of cell theory

Unicellular organisms

consist of only one cell, such as bacteria and some protozoa

Multicellular organisms

are made up of many cells, such as plants, animals, and humans.

Cell Division

New cells are produced from existing cells through

PROKARYOTIC CELL

Found in Bacteria and Archaea..Do not have a membrane-bound nucleusGenerally smaller and simpler in structure.Do not have membrane-bound organelles such as mitochondria or Golgi apparatus.Usually have a single circular chromosome

Binary fission

A process where prokaryotic cells reproduce.

EUKARYOTIC CELL

Found in animals, plants, fungi, and protists

Generally larger and more complex

Have a membrane-bound nucleus

Contain membrane-bound organelles

DNA is organized into multiple linear chromosomes

Carry out specialized biochemical processes in different organelles

Carbon

Hydrogen

Oxygen

Nitrogen

Phosphorus

Sulfur

The most abundant elements in living cells include:

Carbon (C)

forms the backbone of organic molecules

Hydrogen (H)

– found in water and organic compounds

Oxygen (O)

– important in water and cellular respiration

Nitrogen (N)

essential component of proteins and

nucleic acids

Phosphorus (P)

found in ATP, DNA, RNA, and

phospholipids

Sulfur (S)

present in certain amino acids and protein

Water

 Makes up a large portion of most cells.

 Acts as a solvent for biochemical reactions.

 Helps regulate temperature.

Mineral ions

Minerals such as:

Na⁺

• K⁺

• Ca²⁺

• Mg²⁺

• Cl⁻

• PO₄³⁻

are called?

Water and Mineral Ions

what are the inorganic components

CARBOHYDRATES

major source of energy and

structural components

carbon,oxygen, and Hydrogen

Carbohydrates are composed of

Energy source

Energy Storage

Structural Function

Cell recognition and Communication

Major function of Carbohydrates

glycolysis and cellular

respiration

Glucose can be broken down

through______and_______ to produce ATP.

Cellulose

provides structural support in

plant cell walls

Chitin

provides structural support in

fungal cell walls and arthropod

exoskeleton

LIPIDS

A diverse group of organic molecules that are generally insoluble in water

but soluble in nonpolar solvents.

triglyceride or tryacylglycerol

this is a type of lipid that is composed of one glycerol and three fatty acids. Their main function is long term energy storage found and fats and oils.They are stored mainly on Adipose tisue

Phospholipids

type of lipids composed mainly of glycerol,fatty acids, phosphate group and polar head group. It is also the major structural membrane of the cell membrane

Hydrophilic head

head of phospolipid that is – attracted to water

Hydrophobic tails

tail of phospolipid that repel water

STEROIDS

type of lipids that is Characterized by a structure containing four

interconnected carbon rings.important in cell signaling and membrane

structure.

Cholesterol

a steriod that is important component of animal cell membrane

Estrogen and Testosterone

a steriod which are both also a reproductive hormone

Cortisol

steriod that is involved in stress and metabolism

WAXES

Composed mainly of a long-chain fatty acid and a long-chain alcohol.

Provide waterproofing and protection.

Commonly found on the surfaces of plants and in protective coatings of some

animals.

PROTEINS

are large, complex organic molecules made up of

amino acids.They contain mainly carbon (C), hydrogen (H),

oxygen (O), and nitrogen (N). Some proteins

also contain sulfur (S)

peptide bonds

Amino acids are joined together by ______________to form polypeptide chains.

NUCLEIC ACID

are large biological molecules responsible

for storing, transmitting, and expressing genetic

information.

necleotides

Nucleic acids are composed of

Deoxyribonucleic acid and ribonucleic acid

two major type of nucleotic acids are