PROSOCIALITY

In the Trolley Dilemma, people usually say "YES" to the ______ question, but "NO" to the ______ question.

impersonal; personal

The impersonal trolley dilemma involves pulling a ______.

switch/lever

The personal trolley dilemma involves physically pushing a ______.

person

MPFC showed greater activation during ______, compared to ______, moral decisions.

personal; impersonal

Greater MPFC activation during personal moral decisions may reflect ______ conflict.

emotional

In Koenigs et al. (2007), the brain region studied in moral decisions was the ______.

VMPFC

On personal moral scenarios, the frequency of endorsing "yes" responses was significantly greater in the ______ group than comparison groups.

VMPFC

VMPFC patients respond in the same way as controls for ______-conflict judgments.

low

VMPFC patients are significantly more likely to endorse ______-conflict dilemmas.

high

A utilitarian choice in the trolley dilemma usually means saying "______" to sacrificing one person to save more people.

yes

A deontological moral choice focuses more on moral rules/duties, such as not directly ______ someone.

harming

A utilitarian moral choice focuses more on the outcome of maximizing overall ______.

welfare/benefit

Lee et al. (2014) studied impression formation based on ______ decision.

moral

The deontological target scored higher in ______ than the utilitarian target.

warmth

The utilitarian target scored higher in ______ than the deontological target.

competence

The deontological target was more ______ than the utilitarian target.

likeable

In Lee et al. (2018), moral decision-making was studied under social ______.

observation

The observation group was told that two researchers would be ______ the task throughout the experiment.

monitoring

The observation group showed a higher probability of ______ decision than the control group.

deontological

Adaptive moral alignment means aligning one's moral preferences with the ______.

majority

Aligning moral preferences with the majority is an efficient ______ strategy.

survival

Moral alignment avoids the metabolic energy expenditure needed to infer others' ______.

expectations

Moral alignment helps avoid updating your internal ______ model.

social

Kim & Kim (2025) studied interoception and moral alignment using resting-state ______ data.

fMRI

Kim & Kim (2025) also used MAIA scores to assess interoceptive ______.

awareness

MAIA is used to assess interoceptive ______.

awareness

Moral distance from the group means the average Euclidean distance representing how much an individual's choice deviates from the group-level ______ decision rate.

utilitarian

Higher interoceptive awareness was linked to moral preferences more aligned with group ______.

consensus

In the moral distance graphs, higher MAIA was associated with lower moral ______.

distance

Individuals with higher internal sensory sensitivity stayed longer in brain states with increased activity in the ______ and ______ during rest.

vmPFC; Precuneus

The vmPFC and Precuneus finding predicted the formation of a sophisticated internal ______ model.

social

This internal model reflects moral preferences accepted by the ______ in various social situations.

majority

Interoceptive accuracy was measured using actual heartbeats and ______ heartbeats.

reported

In the IAcc formula, aHB means ______ heartbeats.

actual

In the IAcc formula, rHB means ______ heartbeats.

reported

The ability to learn others' expectations is important because it minimizes depletion of bodily resources due to social ______.

conflicts

Learning others' expectations ultimately enhances social ______.

adaptability

Social adaptability increases ______ chances.

survival

The brain's ability to detect imbalances in bodily signals is related to bodily ______.

homeostasis

The vmPFC and PCC are key components of the ______ mode network.

default

The default mode network is involved in switching attention to the self/internal from the ______ environment.

external

The default mode network helps maintain a balance between bodily signals and the ______ environment.

external

Moral intuitions involving the vmPFC reflect social ______ shared by the community.

norms

The vmPFC moral intuition is learned over the individual's ______.

lifetime

Moral intuitions involving vmPFC are not related to specific choices; depending on the situation, both utilitarian and ______ choices are possible.

deontological

In Burns & Swerdlow (2003), a right ______ tumor was associated with pedophilic sexual behaviors.

orbitofrontal

After removal of the tumor, the man's interest in children ______.

disappeared

The tumor case suggests that brain changes can affect moral/social ______.

behavior

Decety et al. (2012) studied neurodevelopmental processes in moral ______.

sensitivity

Decety et al. (2012) had participants aged between ______ and ______ years view moral scenarios.

4; 37

Participants viewed scenarios depicting intentional versus accidental actions that caused harm/damage to people and ______.

objects

PI means people ______ being harmed.

intentionally

PA means people ______ being harmed.

accidentally

OI means objects ______ being harmed.

intentionally

OA means objects ______ being harmed.

accidentally

An age-related decrease in ______ activity was observed when participants viewed PI versus PA.

amygdala

PI minus PA compares people intentionally being harmed versus people ______ being harmed.

accidentally

An age-related increase in activity was detected in the ______ in response to PI vs. PA.

VMPFC

Compared to normal people, psychopaths showed significantly reduced functional coupling between the ______ and the ______.

vmPFC; amygdala

Reduced vmPFC-amygdala connectivity is associated with ______.

psychopathy

The vmPFC may store the values of life we have built throughout our lives by resolving conflicts between ______ and ______ behaviors.

approach; avoidance

Approach behavior is linked in the slide to NAC and examples like ______.

hunger

Avoidance behavior is linked in the slide to the amygdala and examples like ______.

pain

Tabibnia et al. (2008) asked: Is ______ rewarding?

fairness

To distinguish fairness from monetary payoff, researchers varied both offer amount and ______ size across trials.

stake

The same offer amount could represent a large percentage of the total stake, meaning a ______ offer.

fair

The same offer amount could represent a small percentage of the total stake, meaning an ______ offer.

unfair

In the fairness study, high fairness activated reward-related regions including the ventral ______.

striatum

In the fairness study, vmPFC was also involved in fairness ______.

preference

Tricomi et al. (2010) studied the neural basis of inequality ______.

aversion

Inequality was created by recruiting pairs of subjects and giving one subject a large monetary ______.

endowment

During fMRI, both subjects evaluated further monetary transfers to themselves and to the other ______.

participant

In high-pay subjects, ventral striatum and vmPFC showed greater responses to transfers to ______ than to self.

others

In low-pay subjects, activity showed the ______ pattern.

opposite

Human reasoning, including judgments of fairness and morality, may have roots in intuitive ______ processing.

inferential

Intuitive inferential processing is typically subserved by evolutionarily ______ neural structures.

primitive

Costly signaling theory says a signal gains more credibility if it is costly and ______ to fake.

hard

An honest signal is credible because someone without the actual ability cannot sustain the associated ______.

costs

Altruistic behavior can signal that one is ______.

prosocial

Altruistic behavior can also signal that one has enough time, energy, money, or resources to give them away without negative impact on ______.

fitness

Engaging in self-sacrificial behavior can be a profitable long-term strategy called costly ______.

signaling

Harbaugh et al. (2007) studied the neural mechanism of voluntary ______.

donation

Mandatory payoffs to the subject, charity, or both produced neural response in the ventral ______.

striatum

An ultimate desire is something wanted for its ______ sake.

own

An instrumental desire is something wanted because it helps achieve another ______.

goal/desire

Altruistic behavior can be understood as an educated ______.

intuition

In the competitive altruism study, participants volunteered to endure pain through a cold ______ test.

stressor

In the same study, inconvenience was created by being soaked in a ______ tank.

dunk

The altruist was judged to be more costly, challenging, and ______.

important

The altruist was liked better, rewarded with more money, and preferred as a future experimental ______.

partner

Groups containing two males showed more evidence of competition to become ______.

altruists

Competition between males, or "showing off," appears to trigger self-sacrificial ______ behavior.

altruistic

Internalized altruism means moral judgments and altruistic decisions are based on both automatic intuitive processes and ______ reasoning processes.

deliberative

Substantial overlap between social and monetary rewards was observed in the ______.

vmPFC

The vmPFC tracks subjective values for both ______ and ______ rewards.

social; monetary

Sul et al. (2015) searched for neural signatures of ______.

prosociality

In Sul et al. (2015), Part 1 was the ______ task.

learning

In Sul et al. (2015), Part 2 was the ______ task.

stress

The reinforcement learning task was completed during ______.

fMRI

In the reinforcement learning task, participants made a choice, received feedback, and then saw an ______.

outcome