AP Psych key figures test

Carl Rogers

Client-Centered Therapy

(Client-centered Carl)

Client-Centered Therapy - idea

People are inherently good and able to achieve their goals to full potential if given the right conditions, so therapists should provide open environment for patients to explore thoughts while the therapist provides guidance, but doesn’t control their thoughts or feelings.

Client-Centered Therapy - years of development

1940s-1950s

Client-Centered Therapy - 3 core traits

empathy: ability to understand with no judgement

authenticity: being honest and truthful

unconditional positive regard: the ability to be always respectful, regardless of any personal thoughts or opinions

Client-Centered Therapy - process steps (3)

environment: create a calm, nonjudgmental environment

non-directive: don’t control session, let client direct it

supportive reflection: provide slight guidance but don’t tell clients what to think

Client-Centered Therapy - outcome

created safe and comforting environment, encourages clients to explore their own thoughts and feelings

Client-Centered Therapy refocuses therapy from ________ to ________

refocuses from illness/diagnosis to growth and potential

Client-Centered Therapy education focus

teachers let students explore their own learning strategies and interests

Walter Mischel

delayed gratification with the marshmallow test

(Walter Marshmallow)

Delayed Gratification

The theory of the ability to abstain from instant but less-desirable outcomes in favor of deferred but more-desirable outcomes

Study for delayed gratification

Marshmallow test: Experiment run on preschoolers to learn their ability to abstain from eating one marshmallow for a prolonged period in order to be rewarded with a second marshmallow.

Outcome of experiment: Study clarified the importance of self-control in human development.

Howard Gardener

Theory of Multiple Intelligence

(Howard Gardener has multiple gardens)

Theory of Multiple Intelligence

People can develop a combination of 8 different spheres of intelligence

Spheres of intelligence

Linguistic, Musical, Mathematical, Spatial, Bodiley-Kinesthetic, Intrapersonal, Interpersonal, Naturalistic

(acronym: lets make more soup boy it is nice)

linguistic

book smart

musical

rythm, playing instruments, singing, etc.

mathematical

logical and number rpoblems

spatial

sense of direction, puzzles, and map reading

bodily-kinesthetic

physical coordination and abilities

interpersonal

understand others, good communication

Intrapersonal

understanding yourself, self awareness

naturalistic

recognizing patterns in nature

Multiple intelligence say people are ______ born with ___________

people are not born with all the intelligence they will ever have

what test does multiple intelligence challenge?

IQ tests

Criteria for being an intelligence

potential of isolation from brain damage

evolutionary history

identifiable operations

can be encoded in a symbol system

developmental history and ability for improvement

existence of exceptional people

experimental psychological tasks support it

can be measured in tests (psychometric)

real life application of multiple intelligence

allows more teachers to gain better understand of how different students may learn

Opposition to Gardner’s multiple intelligence theory

opposition still believe in standardized IQ testing, saying his theory is too broad and there isn’t solid evidence

Dr. Robert Anda / Dr. Vince Feletti

Adverse childhood experiences (ACE)

(adverse anda) (advice childhood experiences)

adverse childhood experiences

stressful or traumatic events experienced in childhood, like abuse, neglect, substance abuse, mental illness, leading to toxic stress and increase risk of lifelong physical, mental, and behavioral health problems

3 ACES childhood experiences groups

abuse, neglect, and household challenges

Dr Robert Anda’s findings about ACEs

ACEs cause long-term physical/mental health outcomes later in life

what health issues can be results of ACEs

Cancer, heart disease, depression, substance abuse, etc.

ACE test (questionaire) question types

ask about abuse/challenge topics in childhood/household

ex:

parents relationship status, parental substance use, mental illness in family, any abuse, any neglect

ACE test

test assessing childhood traumas; high score indicates higher risk of later in life health risks

Mary Ainsworth

The Attachment Theory

(mary —> married —> attached)

The Attachment Theory

3 attachment styles

anxious resistant

anxious avoidant

secure

Attachment Theory study

Strange Situation assessment

mother and child are in unfamiliar room, mother leaves and a stranger enters, then the mother eventually returns

anxious resistant

Child is distressed when caregiver leaves, but also resists contact with parent upon reunion

anxious avoidant

child shows little interest in the caregiver, do not show distress when the caregiver leaves, and avoid contact upon return of caregiver

secure

children show distress when caregiver leaves, but are easily soothed and happy with their return

Martin Seligman

Learned helplessness

(martin come on man stop being helpless)

learned helplessness

repeated exposure to uncontrollable stressors results in people failing to use any methods to control their response to those stressors that are at their disposal in the future, undermining motivation to make changes or attempt to alter situations

learned helplessness study

dogs placed in chamber, receiving electric shocks

one group couldn’t escape shocks, other group could

when both groups were given the ability to escape the shocks, those who couldn’t initially escape didn’t even try to.

learned helplessness symptoms

lack of motivation, difficulty learning from success, emotional numbness

albert bandura

observational learning

observational learning

explains that people learn behaviors through watching and imitating others

social cognitive theory

bandura’s psychological theory explaining how people learn through observing others and experiencing consequences

larger umbrella over observational learning

four steps to observational learning

attention, retention, reproduction, motivation

attention (observational learning)

observers have to pay attention to a behavior in order to model it

conditions must be right (not tired, sick, distracted)

people pay more attention to things attractive, alike to them, and that are praised

retention (observational learning)

observers must remember behaviors they witnessed

reproduction (observational learning)

carrying out an immigration of the behavior observed

may not be initially successful

motivation(observational learning)

observers have reason to learn a behavior

things can be learned without a direct motivating factor

vicarious reinforcement (observational learning)

when a behavior is incentivised, an observer is more likely to imitate it

vicarious punishment (observational learning)

when a behavior is punished, an observer is less likely to imitate it

bobo doll experiment (observational learning)

children watch adult model interact with doll aggressively or non aggressively; children watching the aggressive model were also aggressive, children watching the non aggressive model were also non aggressive

this shows that kids imitate what they see even without direct influencing factors

applications of observational learning

parenting - kids are easily influenced

therapeutically - help people model behaviors related to phobias

professionally - modeling tasks

educationally - modeling skills being learned

Leon Festinger

Cognitive Dissonance

(Lying Leon (contradiction))

Cognitive dissonance

when an individual has two or more contradicting beliefs or attitudes, leading them to commit actions against their beliefs

cognitive dissonance examples

lying even if you value honesty

staying in toxic relationship although you know it’s harmful, because you fear being lonely

substance abuse with knowledge that it’s harmful, because of addiction

making offensive jokes you know are wrong to get others to laugh

cognitive dissonance danger

becomes dangerous when people continue to do harmful things when they know it’s wrong; drug use, financial issues, etc.

lev vygotsky

zone of proximal development

zone of proximal development

aka ZPD

the zone between things that an individual can’t do with help versus can do alone, being things that they can do with help, allowing for development into things they can do alone

ZPD MKO

More Knowledgeable Others who are the ones to give support with scaffolding to those in the zone of proximal development, slowly removing support over time, making the learner more independent

Aaron Beck

Beck’s depression inventory + cognitive behavior therapy

(what the heck beck why are you so sad)

Original theory on depression (pre Beck)

depression is derived from self hate, those with depression have innate need to suffer

Beck’s depression view

depression is derived from negative associations with loss and failure

automatic thought (Beck)

random negative thoughts

Cognitive behavior therapy (Beck)

changing mindsets of patients through adapting behaviors and preexisting beliefs about themselves and the world

Cognitive behavior therapy was found to be more _____ than ________

more effective than depression medication

Depression inventory (Beck)

questionnaire survey assessing severity of depression, giving therapists a starting point to understand level of client’s depression.

also used as a self diagnosis tool to understand if you want to seek help

depression inventory scoring

40+ extreme depression

31-40 severe depression

21-30 moderate depression

17-20 borderline depression

11-16 mild symptoms

1-10 normal ups and downs

Hans Selye

General adaptation syndrome

(Hans from frozen, associate him with GAS)

General Adaptation Syndrome

psychological changes the body goes through when under stress

three stages of general Adaptation Syndrome

alarm reaction stage, resistance stage, exhaustion stage

alarm reaction stage (GAS)

initial response to stress, fight or flight

increased heart rate, cortisol release, adrenaline, etc.

resistance stage

body repairs self from alarm stage

lower cortisol and heart rate

these hormonal changes can cause irritability, frustration, poor concentration

exhaustion stage

prolonged and chronic stress can cause drainage of physical, emotional, and metal well being

lack of strength in body to fight stress

signs: fatigue, burnout, mental health issues, weak immune system

Albert Ellis

Rational Emotive Behavioral Therapy

(emotive Ellis)

rational emotive behavioral therapy

cognitive behavioral approach to managing irrational beliefs, focused on replacing negative thoughts with positive ones

ABC model

goes with ellis’s rational emotive behavior therapy

A: adversity, a negative event or circumstance (didn’t make choir)

B: beliefs, negative beliefs because of adversity (I can’t sing)

C: consequence, resulting feelings and behaviors (giving up)

rational emotive behavior therapy changes Beliefs to change consequence

Robert Sternberg

triarchic theory of intelligence

(Klara did this one)

triarchic theory of intelligence

proposes that intelligence is broken into three different ways

1. practical

2. creative

3. analytical

practical intelligence (triarchic theory)

using common sense and logic

street smart

creative intelligence (triarchic theory)

making new ways of doing things or experimenting

analytical intelligence (triarchic theory)

evaluating and comparing statistics

sternberg opposed

traditional academic testing

Lillian and Frank Gilbreth

Human Factor Psychology

(gilbreth —> breth —> breath —> humans breath)

Human factors psychology

synonym: ergonomics

focuses not on individual’s psychological problems, but on individuals and their workplace, for example, applying psychological principles to non human things like tools and workplace environment

Human Factors Psychology impact

used in workplace to improve morale, productivity, and safety

examples: comfier seats, being physical, and easier interfaces to use, being cognitive

John Garcia

aversive conditioning

(Marley did this one)

aversive conditioning experiment

bright noisy water experiment: rats drank sugar water and were exposed to lights and clicking sounds paired with either nausea (caused by radiation) or shock

findings:

• rats who experienced nausea showed aversion to the sugar water

  • nausea is associated with taste stimuli

• rats who experienced shock showed aversion to bright lights and clicking sounds

  • pain and shock associated with auditory/visual stimuli

• this happened after one trial, showing this aversion could happen after just one trial

biological perspective on bright noisy water experiment and aversions

aversions and associations formed for survival purposes

garcia disproved…

equipotentiality, the idea that all stimuli are equal in conditioning, since in this instance, the taste stimuli outweighed the visual stimuli for association with nausea

application of aversions study by Garcia

explains human food aversions, and aversions due to nausea in chemo patients

used in wildlife management to keep away predators through giving them aversions

Noam Chomsky

universal language

(Noam, nomad, moving around, universal)

universal language

theory that structure of language is universally structured the same, with the existence of language parts like nouns and verbs, and that everyone is born with the natural mental structure to learn leanguage

Language Acquisition Device

part of universal language theory, being a separate cognitive mechanism for language learning that children use to learn to speak

Chomsky 2nd theory

transformational grammar — explains how a language’s deep structure (meaning) is transformed to surface structure (actual words) through usage of grammar rules

diana baurmind

parenting styles

( princess Diana was a parent)

parenting styles

authoritative, authoritarian, permissive, neglectful