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What was Confederation in Canada?
An attempt to unite many of the British colonies in North America under one federal government.
Which colonies were the initial members of Confederation?
Canada West (Ontario), Canada East (Quebec), New Brunswick, Nova Scotia.
What economic reasons led to Confederation?
Free trade, greater colonial interconnectedness, and opportunities seen by railroad magnates.
What military rationale was behind the Confederation?
Defense against potential American annexation, heightened by fears from the American Civil War.
What was the significance of the Statute of Westminster in relation to Confederation?
It was passed in 1931, marking greater legislative independence for Canada from Britain.
What were the Fenian Raids?
Attacks by the Fenian Brotherhood, a group seeking to pressure Britain regarding Ireland, which targeted British colonies in North America.
What was the Reciprocity Treaty?
An economic agreement providing a preferential market for British North American goods that ended in 1866.
What was a key issue discussed at the Charlottetown Conference in 1864?
The limited support for union in the Maritimes due to fears of Canadian dominance.
What is a Federal Union?
A system where provincial governments maintain legislative powers while the federal government holds only powers ceded to it.
What did the British North America Act, 1867, accomplish?
It created the Dominion of Canada by uniting Canada, Nova Scotia, and New Brunswick.
How was representation structured in the House of Commons under Confederation?
Representation by population, with allocated seats based on population size.
What was one of the main goals of Quebec/Canada East in the Federal Union?
To protect its distinct culture and ensure provincial autonomy.
What did John A. Macdonald mean by 'sober second thought' in the Senate?
Aimed to provide balanced representation and avoid rash decisions in governance.
What did the federal government assume responsibility for under Confederation?
Taking on colonial debts and overseeing most taxation and customs duties.
What did the Quebec Conference in 1864 focus on?
Continuation of discussions about what a union of colonies might look like, with a positive response from the Charlottetown Conference.
What was the Red River Resistance?
An 1870 conflict between the Métis people and the Canadian government regarding land rights and governance.
Who led the Red River Resistance?
Louis Riel, a Métis leader, played a pivotal role in organizing the resistance.
What were the main grievances of the Métis during the Red River Resistance?
Concerns over land titles, cultural rights, and the lack of representation in Canadian governance.
What was the outcome of the Red River Resistance?
The establishment of the Manitoba Act, creating the province of Manitoba and recognizing Métis rights.
When did the Red River Resistance take place?
The primary events occurred from late 1869 to 1870.
How did the Canadian government initially respond to the Red River Resistance?
The government sought to assert control, sending troops to the area to quell the uprising.
What was the significance of the 'Métis Bill of Rights'?
It outlined the rights and demands of the Métis people, serving as a foundation for negotiations.
What role did the Hudson's Bay Company play in the Red River Resistance?
The company's land policies and governance were a significant source of conflict leading to the resistance.
What happened to Louis Riel after the resistance?
He fled to the United States and later returned to Canada, leading to his trial and execution in 1885.
How did the Red River Resistance impact Canadian history?
It highlighted issues of Indigenous rights and set precedents for future negotiations with Indigenous peoples.
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