Q3 AP Reviewer

Culture

is learned because we acquire cultural understanding through experience and observation through the process of enculturation

Enculturation

the means in which individuals obtain and transmit aspects of their society's culture.

symbolic

Culture is ________ as it provides meanings to every human expression be it in words or deeds, with both verbal and non-verbal symbols whose meanings are formed and accepted by societies through their own processes.

shared

Culture is ______ because it is rooted in and is transmitted in/by/through groups/societies.

dynamic, flexible, and adaptive

Culture is _______, ________, and ________ because it lends itself to change or transformation.

integrated

Culture is __________ because it relies on social patterns or systems that are embedded in societies. It is also all-encompassing as it includes all aspects of one society's way of life

Ethnocentrism

"the act of judging another culture from the perspective of one's own" (Atingdui 2011).

Cultural Relativism

the view that ethical and social standardsreflect the cultural context from which they are derived.

Human Evolution

refers to "the lengthy process of change by which people originated from apelike ancestors"

Homo Habilis

Had several rather human attributes, a large, thin skull and larger front teeth and smaller back teeth than more ancient human relatives, or hominins. Lived in a predominantly grassland environment.

Homo Erectus

Smaller, more primitive teeth, a smaller overall size and thinner, less robust skulls. Formed complex relationships within their own groups, and with other groups. They also made and valued prestige tools, had complex social networks.

Homo Neanderthalensis

Had strong, muscular bodies, and wide hips and shoulders. Grew to about 1.50-1.75m tall and weighed about 64-82kg. Skilled hunters who targeted a variety of prey animals based on the season. They were able to kill large animals at close range, which required strength, bravery, and skill.

Homo Sapiens

Have very large brains, which vary in size from population to population and between males and females, but the average size is approximately 1300 cubic centimeters. Includes the ability to communicate through language, create art, and use com plex technologies. It also involves advanced problem solving and long-term planning.

Division of Evolution

(Tuttle et al., 2020)

1. bipedalism and changing habitats

2. use of "tools" and "hands," and "increasing brain size"

3. developing language and culture

Hunting and Gathering Societies

refer to relatively small and simple societies in which people sustain themselves through hunting and gathering food.

Horticultural and Pastoral Societies

are known to grow some crops using basic tools, while pastoral societies are generally nomadic people who raise livestock or domesticated animals raised for food and to produce useful commodities such as fur and leather

Agricultural Societies

go beyond horticultural societies by growing a larger number of crops using relatively more developed tools such as plows and beasts of burden such as oxen

Post-Industrial Societies

High-skilled professionals in the information technology sector play a major role in the economy, and where most jobs are in the service sector.

Four Revolutions

1.0: Mechanization, steam, and water power

2.0: Mass production and electricity

3.0: Electronic and IT systems (computer), automation

4.0: Cyber physical systems

Enculturation or Socialization

defined as the lifelong process of experiencing, learning, imbibing, and transmitting culture

Values

refer to a society's defined set of what is good and desirable, which form the foundation of how life should be lived

Extrinsic

"values that need to be justified by other values are _________; those that do not are intrinsic" (Harold 2005)

Intrinsic

"values that need to be justified by other values are extrinsic; those that do not are _________" (Harold 2005)

3 kinds of values

1. Personal

2. Moral

3. Aesthetic

Personal values

are the principles that guide our decisions and behaviors, and help us strive to be our best selves.

Moral values

are a set of principles that help people differentiate between right and wrong, and build character

Aesthetic values

is the value of an experience, object, or event that is based on its capacity to evoke pleasure or displeasure.

CHED Memorandum Order No. 26, Series of 2005

pagkamaka-diyos

pagkamatao

pagkamakabayan

pagkamakakalikasan

Norms

refer to rules and expectations that guide the individual's behavior in his/her society

Prescriptive norms

norms encouraging positive behavior

Proscriptive norms

norms discouraging negative behavior

Folkways

refer to customs or beliefs common to members of a particular society

Mores

are norms that are widely observed and morally significant, it goes against so-called social/societal taboos or practices considered immoral or unacceptable in a society

Status

one's social position in any given society

Ascribed status

social position received at birth or through an involuntary process

Achieved status

social position voluntarily gained through personal perseverance

Agents of Socialization

refer to entities or institutions that play a role in influencing or shaping the process of enculturation.

Family

basic social unit in any society, exerts the greatest influence on an individual's personality.

State

is an autonomous political unit that has centralized power over many groups within its territory.

Peer

are the connections and interactions between people who are similar in age, background, status, or interests.

Mass media

a collection of communication channels that transmit information, opinions, and other forms of expression to a large audience.

Conformity

the act of changing one's beliefs, actions, or attitudes to match the norms of a group.

Compliance or Group Acceptance

occurs when an individual accepts influence because he hopes to achieve favorable reaction from another person or group.

Internalization

occurs when an individual accepts influence because the content of the induced behavior is intrinsically rewarding

Identification

occurs when an individual accepts influence because he wants to establish or maintain a satisfying self defining relationship to another person or group

Reasons for Conformity

(Williams 2012)

1. Informational influence

2. Wish to avoid punishment or gain rewards

3. Risk of disapproval from other group members

4. Lack of perceived alternatives

5. Fear of disrupting the group's operation

6. Absence of communication among group members

7. No feeling of responsibility for group outcomes.

8. A sense of powerlessness

Deviance

a violation of established contextual, cultural, or social norms, whether folkways, mores, or codified law

Theoretical Reasons of Deviance

1. Individual Heredity

2. Group Heredity

3. Personal Deficiency

4. Social Failure

Nature

genes and hereditary factors, physical appearance, personality characteristics

Nurture

environmental variables, childhood experiences, how we were raised, social relationships, surrounding culture

Formal Deviance

form of deviance that violates the existing law

Informal Deviance

form of deviance that violates norms which are not formally covered by laws

Human Dignity

is the idea that all people have a special value and are worthy of respect because they are human, regardless of other factor

Cross-cutting themes

topics that are important to development cooperation and should be integrated into all development interventions and policies.

Dignity and Justice

Treat each other with respect, tolerance, and understanding. The Declaration's core values of non-discrimination and equality are ultimately a commitment to universal justice.

Development

The Universal Declaration of Human Rights provides a vision of the world in which everyone, regardless of who they are and where they live, has equal opportunity to grow and develop in freedom and equality and to the fullness of their potential

Our responsibility is to help other people and nations, through individual and joint actions, and to create a social and international order that enables the enjoyment of all human rights - civil, cultural, economic, political, and social

Environment

In no other area it is so clear that the actions of nations, communities, businesses and individuals can so dramatically affect the rights of others - because damaging the environment can damage the rights of people, near and far, to a secure healthy life.

Culture

The way we are born, live and die is affected by the culture to which we belong, so to take away our cultural heritage is to deny us our identify.

We can all benefit from our experience of other cultures and we have something to offer them in return.

The UDHR says "everyone has the right freely to participate in the cultural life of the community" and by implication, this also means that no-one has the right to dominate, direct or eradicate that culture or impose theirs upon us

Dona Victorina Syndrome

a manifestation of acute inferiority complex, is disastrous for national development. It denies and confuses us about our identity as a people. A people without a strong sense of identity will have no psychic or spiritual center around which to organize their lives.

Gender

The UDHR acknowledges that men and women are not the same but insists on their right to be equal before the law and treated without discrimination.

Gender equality is not a 'women issue' but refers to the equal rights, responsibilities and opportunities of women and men, girls and boys, and should concern and fully engage men as well as women.

Article 2. Everyone is entitled to all the rights and freedoms set forth in this Declaration, without distinction of any kind, such as race, color, sex, language, religion, political or other opinion, national or social origin, property, birth or other status.

Participation

Without this we cannot experience and enjoy the wide range of rights and freedoms that the Universal Declaration of Human Rights seeks to guarantee.

Our participation should be active, free and meaningful. Our views to improve our lives and our community should be heard and answered

Jean Piaget

a swiss psychologist, theorized that there are four stages of cognitive development

Four stages of cognitve development

1. Sensory motor

2. Preoperational Stage

3. Concrete Operational Stage

4. Formal Operational Stage

Sensory motor

(birth-2yrs old), the individual's perception of the world through his/her senses

Preoperational stage

(2-7yrs old), preliminary learning of language and other symbols

Concrete operational stage

(7-11 yrs old), the ability to manage and/or manipulate concrete objects and begin to think in a more systematic way

Formal operational stage

(12yrs old and beyond), the ability to think in a more abstract and critical manner

Identity formation

Erik Erikson theorized that there are eight stages of psychosocal development, covering phases from infancy to adulthood

Infancy

0-1yr old,

Conflict: Trust vs. Mistrust

Virtue: Hope

Early childhood

1-3yrs old,

Conflict: Autonomy vs. Shame/Doubt

Virtue: Will

Play age

3-6yrs old,

Conflict: Initiative vs. Guilt

Virtue: Purpose

School age

7-11yrs old,

Conflict: Industry vs Inferiority

Virtue: Competence

Adolescence

12-18yrs old,

Conflict: Identity vs. Confusion

Virtue: Fidelity

Early Adulthood

19-29yrs old,

Conflict: Intimacy vs Isolation

Virtue: Love

Middle Age

30-64yrs old,

Conflict: Generativity vs. Stagnation

Virtue: Care

Old Age

65 onwards,

Conflict: Integrity vs. Despair

Virtue: Wisdom

Id

(bad) personality derived from basic human drives, desire, or instincts

Superego

(good) personality derived from morality based on society's demands/expectations

Ego

(judge) personality operating through reason, mediator between id and superego

5 Physosexual Stages of Development

1. Oral stage

2. Anal stage

3. Phallic stage

4. Latency stage

5. Genital Stage

Oral stage

Pleasure from oral stimulation (tasting & sucking)

Anal stage

Primary focus on controlling bladder and bowels (eliminating/retaining feces)

Phallic stage

Primary focus is on genitals (diff. between male & female)

Oedipus complex

son to mother obsession

Electra complex

daughter to father obsession

Latency stage

Sexual desires pushed aside, focus on intellectual and social pursuits

Genital stage

Sexual desires renewed (seek relationships)

adolescence

In 2017, the Department of Health published a Manual of Operations for its "Adolescence Health and Development Program."

This manual identifies ___________ as "one of the most rapid and formative phases of human development, and the distinctive physical, cognitive, social, emotional and sexual development that takes place during adolescence