The Move to Global War

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In which year was Italy Unified?

1861

Which of the many Italian States was the dominant force in Italian Politics

Sardinia Piedmont

Italy was divided under the _____ North and the ______ South

(Wealthy, urban, industrial) (Poor, rural, agricultural)

Liberal Italy Spanned these years

1870-1923

Italian patriot who helped unify Italy

Giuseppe Garibaldi

Italian Name for Italian Socialist Party

Partito Socialista Italiano (PSI)

Catholic Party

(PPI) Partito Populare Italiano

In 1885 Italy colonized which African Nation?

Eritrea

In 1889 Italy colonized which African Nation?

Somaliland

In 1896 Italy failed to take which African Nation

Abyssinia (Eithiopia)

Which battle in 1896 was a complete humiliation for the Italian Armed Forces?

Battle of Adowa

Which Italian Association was formed in 1910?

The Italian Nationalist Association

What were the goals of the futurist movement?

Their three principles were to make Italy Nationalist, Imperialist, and a ”Great Power” (Equal to Britain and France)

Which nation did Italy go to war with from 1911-1912?

The Ottoman Empire (Turkey)

Which territory did Italy win in the Italian Turkish War?

Libya

Which Alliance was Italy a part of at the outbreak of World War 1 in 1914?

Triple Alliance (Italy, Germany, Austria Hungary) 

With which treaty did Italy join the Entente powers in 1915?

The Treaty of London

Which territories were Italy promised at the treaty of London?

South Tyrol, Trentino, Istria, Dalmatia, and Colonies

Which territories did Italy NOT receive at the end of world war 1?

Dalmatia and Colonies

Which port, although not mentioned in the treaty of London, were the Italians expecting to receive in 1919?

Fiume

Before inventing Fascism, Benito Mussolini was a member of which political party?

Partito Socialista Italiano (PSI)

Which Socialist newspaper was Mussolini the editor for in 1915?

Avanti!

For which views was Mussolini kicked out of the PSI?

Support of Italian entry into World War 1

How many Italian soldiers had died as a cause of World War 1?

600000

What are the key features/beliefs of fascism?

Nationalism, militarism, Social Darwinism, Social Unity, Authoritarianism

From where is the word for Fascism derived?

Fascio, meaning group, and more notably the fasces

What is meant by Nationalism?

Views the nation state as a unifying force, seeks to remove foreign influence, views the nation as superior to the nations of others

What is meant by Militarism?

Promotion of political violence and war as a method of revitalizing society. The development of paramilitary organizations, and the view that violence is nessecary.

What is meant by social darwinism?

Finds its origins in biological Darwinism, the belief that only the fittest in nature survive. The belief that cultures and races also have evolved and that only the fittest race/culture would survive.

What is meant by social unity?

Opposes the idea of class based divisions in society and promotes national unity through collective security (Anti-Communist)

What is meant by Authoritarianism?

Totalitarian, the state has control over all aspects of society, the people are subservient to the state “Obedience, not discussion”

What was the name for the first world war deemed by Gabriele D’ Annunzio

The Mutilated Victory

In the 1921 elections, how many seats did the fascist party win?

35

In the 1921 elections, how many seats did the catholic party win?

108

In the 1921 elections, how many seats did the socialist party win?

138

Which state was formed out of Bosnia, Croatia, Serbia, North Macedonia, and Slovenia?

Yugoslavia

Which nationalist would lead 2000 ex-soldiers to seize the port of Fiume from Yugoslavia?

Gabriele D’ Annunzio (September 1919)

Which two years would be known as the two red years in Italy?

1919-1920

What was the name of Mussonlini’s first fascist unit?

“fascio di combattimento” (March 1919)

In august 1922, which two parties organized a general strike in Italy?

Socialists and Communists

What happened in November of 1922 to assist Mussolini in Taking Absolute power in Italy?

The Government won a vote of confidence to vote in emergency powers to for political and social reform

What happened in February of 1923 to assist Mussolini in Taking Absolute power in Italy?

The Nationalists joined the Fascist party

What happened in July of 1923 to assist Mussolini in Taking Absolute power in Italy?

The Acerbo Law was passed

What is the Acerbo Law?

It states that the party with the most votes would automatically get 2/3rds of the government to ensure a smooth and strong government

What happened in April of 1924 to assist Mussolini in Taking Absolute power in Italy?

The fascists, through violence and intimidation rose their representation in government from 7% to 66%

What happened in May of 1924 to assist Mussolini in Taking Absolute power in Italy?

Liberal Giacomo Matteotti would give a speech in parliament and be assassinated 11 days later

What happened in January of 1925 to assist Mussolini in Taking Absolute power in Italy?

Most members of parliament withdrew from office after Mussolini took responsibility for the violence against the fascists, moved to establish himself as il duce

What happened in December of 1925 to assist Mussolini in Taking Absolute power in Italy?

Passed the law on powers of Head of Government, which gave Mussolini significant executive powers, political parties and trade unions were banned, freedom of the press restricted

What happened in November 1926 and Jan 1927 to assist Mussolini in Taking Absolute power in Italy?

Secret Police was founded (OVRA), totalitarianism secured through new laws, such as trial without jury, and the death penalty being extended to actions against the authorities

What factors influenced Mussolini’s foreign policy?

Increased Nation al pride, consolidation of domestic support for the regime. Revising of the post war settlement after St. Germain En Laye. The desire to dominate the Balkans and the Mediterranean. The goal to build an empire, and gain living space, and foster the spread of fascism in other countries.

What economic policy did Mussolini wish to achieve within Italy?

Autarky or “Self Sufficiency”

Why was Mussolini unable to achieve Autarky?

A lack of raw materials, the agrarian south, and a low literacy rate.

What economic policy did Mussolini promote in Italy?

Productivism (The goal of increasing productivity)

What “third way” of organizing the economy did Mussolini Champion in fascist Italy?

The Corporate State!

What were the goals of “The corporate State”?

A system in which neither the worker nor the capitalist would lose

In practice, the corporate state led to what?

An exploitation of labour, and reduced levels of unrest

Which key three initiatives would Mussolini launched in an attempt for land reclamation?

The battle for Grain in 1925, the Battle for the Lira in 1926, and the Mussolini Law in 1928

What were the results of the Battle for grain?

While the grain production did increase by 75%, it came at the cost of a lot of other important crops, such as olives. The south was hit harder, as the soil there was not suitable for growing wheat.

What were the results of the battle for the Lira?

The value of the Lira went up from 154 Lira per British Pound to 90 Lira per British Pound. However, this led to a decrease in exports, and there was therefore no benefits to consumers who also had to pay more for imported goods due to tariffs.

Which greek Island did Italy invade in 1923?

Corfu

What were the results of the “Corfu Affair”

Mussolini learnt that he could not intimidate larger states, and could only pressure smaller weak ones.

Which port did Italy gain in 1924?

Fiume

Mussolini hoped to weaken Yugoslavia by doing what?

Funding separatist ethnic groups, such as the Croats, and an Italian protectorate established in Albania in 1924 Under King Ahmed Zog.

The Little Entente is comprised of which three nations

Czechoslovakia, Yugoslavia, Romania (Although Backed by France)

Why was Mussolini hostile towards France?

Italy had claims over French Nice, Corsica and Sardinia, Mussolini wanted more in North Africa, and also wanted to replace French influence in the balkans and get territory around the Adraitic (East of Italy)

from 1922 to 1928, which Italian colony was in active revolt against Italian leadership?

Libya

Which countries did Italy try to be friendly with by 1922?

Soviet Union, Britain

How did Mussolinis foreign policy change in the 1930's?

It become mode milataristic, fascist, glorified war and violence, less cooperation and pursuit of imperial expansion.

By 1931 how many unemployed Italians were there?

2 Million

Which Italian government institution was set up to combat the great depression in 1931?

Instituo Mobilaire Italiano

What Italian government institute was set up to allocate raw materials and took shares in Italian companies in 1933?

Istituto per la Rucostruzione Industriale

By the end of the 1930's, how much of the capital of key companies was in the hand of the Italian government?

20%

How did mussolini prevent the social and political upheaval that occurs elsewhere in Europe?

By fostering the revolutionary spirit.

The Quadripartite pact was signed when?

July 15th, 1933

Who were the signers of the Quadripartite Pact

Britain, France, Germany, Italy

What did the Quadripartite pact state?

The lesser and smaller states would have less impact on great power relations

What did the Quadripartite pact achieve?

While it claimed to herald peace, the treaty did little to do anything at all, although it was heralded as a success to Mussolini

Which country did Italy guarantee the independence of?

Austria

The name for Germanys union with Austria

Anschluss

Who was Engelgert Dolfuss

Austrian Chancellor in 1934

When was Engelbert Dolfuss Assassinated?

July 25, 1934

By whom.was Engelbert murdered?

Nazi supporters in Austria

Mussolini, In 1934, mobilized his army on the border of Austria in response to what, and to prevent what

In response to the murder of engelbert dolfuss, and to prevent anschluss

In 1935, Hitler did this and alarmed most of europe

Rearmament

When was the stresa conference?

April of 1935

When was the final declaration of the stresa conference signed?

14 April, 1935

What did the final declaration of the stresa conference do?

Reaffirmed the lorcano treaties and continued to guarantee the independence of Austria.

What did the stresa front achieve

Because the agreements were vague, and did not name Germany, no methods to continue to uphold their agreements were established. Ergo, it would be considered irrelevant and useless later

Why did mussolini begin to not be so harsh on Germany

The knowledge that a resurgent Germany would frighten Britain and France, and that they may be more willing to accept Italian territorial demands

Which country broke the stresa agreements, how, and when

Britain, in June of 1935 when they signed the Anglo German Naval agreement with Germany