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Energy of a photon

E = hf

Planks constant

h = 6.626 × 10 ^-34 JxS

Speed of light

c = 3 × 10 ^8 m/s

speed of light formula

c = wavelength x frequency

ionic bonds

one atom gives another atom takes

covalent bonds

shared electrons

metallic bonds

connects via a sea of electrons

ionic bonds electronegativity difference

>1.7

covalent electronegativity difference

0-1.7

metallic electronegativity difference

no difference

london dispersion

weakest intermolecular force caused by temporary dipoles

dipole dipole

attraction between polar molecules due to opposite charges

hydrogen bonding

can only bond to nitrogen, oxygen, or fluorine (NOF). strongest IMF force

polar covalent bond

uneven distribution of electrons, usually has an electronegativity difference greater than 0.4

non-polar covalent bond

even distribution of electrons, usually has an electronegativity difference of less than or equal to 0.4

atomic size increses

downwards on the periodic table

atomic size decreases

to the right on the periodic table

ionization energy

energy required to remove an electron from an atom

ionization energy increases

up and to the right on the periodic table

electron affinity

how much an atom wants to gain an electron

electron affinity increases

up and right on the periodic table

electron negativity

ability of an atom to hold electrons tightly

electron negativity increases

up and right on the periodic table

intermolecular forces

forces that exist between different molecules

intramolecular forces

forces that exists within an individual molecule

how did Mendeleev make the periodic table

Mendeleev arranged elements in his periodic table by increasing atomic mass, placing elements with similar chemical properties in the same column. left blanks for undiscovered elements

electromagnetic spectrum, highest to lowest energy

gamma, x-ray, ultraviolet, visible, infrared, microwave, radio

visible light, highest to lowest energy

violet, blue, green, yellow, orange, red

what increases as frequency increases

energy

distance between two points on a wave

wavelength

size of waves from the center

amplitude

top point of waves

crest

bottom point of waves

trough

center line on waves

equilibrium/resting point