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Energy of a photon
E = hf
Planks constant
h = 6.626 × 10 ^-34 JxS
Speed of light
c = 3 × 10 ^8 m/s
speed of light formula
c = wavelength x frequency
ionic bonds
one atom gives another atom takes
covalent bonds
shared electrons
metallic bonds
connects via a sea of electrons
ionic bonds electronegativity difference
>1.7
covalent electronegativity difference
0-1.7
metallic electronegativity difference
no difference
london dispersion
weakest intermolecular force caused by temporary dipoles
dipole dipole
attraction between polar molecules due to opposite charges
hydrogen bonding
can only bond to nitrogen, oxygen, or fluorine (NOF). strongest IMF force
polar covalent bond
uneven distribution of electrons, usually has an electronegativity difference greater than 0.4
non-polar covalent bond
even distribution of electrons, usually has an electronegativity difference of less than or equal to 0.4
atomic size increses
downwards on the periodic table
atomic size decreases
to the right on the periodic table
ionization energy
energy required to remove an electron from an atom
ionization energy increases
up and to the right on the periodic table
electron affinity
how much an atom wants to gain an electron
electron affinity increases
up and right on the periodic table
electron negativity
ability of an atom to hold electrons tightly
electron negativity increases
up and right on the periodic table
intermolecular forces
forces that exist between different molecules
intramolecular forces
forces that exists within an individual molecule
how did Mendeleev make the periodic table
Mendeleev arranged elements in his periodic table by increasing atomic mass, placing elements with similar chemical properties in the same column. left blanks for undiscovered elements
electromagnetic spectrum, highest to lowest energy
gamma, x-ray, ultraviolet, visible, infrared, microwave, radio
visible light, highest to lowest energy
violet, blue, green, yellow, orange, red
what increases as frequency increases
energy
distance between two points on a wave
wavelength
size of waves from the center
amplitude
top point of waves
crest
bottom point of waves
trough
center line on waves
equilibrium/resting point
