Notas

Grand Canal

A vast waterway system in China, started in the 5th century BCE, that facilitated inland communication and economic prosperity.

Porcelain

High-fired white ceramics first produced around 600 CE in China, leading to increased trade and wealth.

Luxury Goods

Non-essential items that are highly desired, significant in trade from 1200 CE to 1450 CE, including silk and spices.

Caravanserai

Roadside inns along trade routes like the Silk Road from 1200-1450, allowing travelers to rest and facilitating cultural exchange.

Silk Road

A network of trade routes connecting Asia to Europe and Africa from 1200-1450 that enabled the exchange of goods and ideas.

Trans-Saharan Trade Route

A network of trade routes across the Sahara Desert in Africa from 1200-1450, connecting Mediterranean and sub-Saharan regions.

Trans-Atlantic Trade Route

A triangular trade route between Europe, Africa, and the Americas from 1450-1750, significantly impacting global economies.

The Middle Passage

The trans-Atlantic slave trade route transporting enslaved Africans to the Americas from the 1500s to the 1800s.

Banking Houses

Places in the Middle East/Silk Road where merchants deposited wealth and received bills of credit during 1200-1450.

Paper Money

The first government-issued paper notes developed in China around 800 CE to facilitate economic exchange.

Camel Saddle

A saddle, developed by Arabs, that allowed camels to carry heavy goods efficiently on trade routes between 1200-1450.

Zamindars

Tax collectors or landlords in India under the Mughal Empire from 1450-1750.

Ottoman Tax Farming

A taxation system in the Ottoman Empire from 1450-1750, where taxation rights were auctioned to collectors.

Dutch East India Company

Established in 1602, the world's first multinational corporation that brought exotic goods to Europe.

Incan Mit’a System

Mandatory labor system in the Inca Empire for public works starting in 1200, intensified by Spanish colonization.

Chattel Slavery

A system prevalent in the Americas from the 1600s-1800s where humans were considered legal property.

Indentured Servitude

A labor system where individuals worked under contract without salary to repay a loan from the 1600s-1800s.

Encomienda System

A Spanish labor system granting conquerors the right to demand tribute and labor from conquered peoples in the 1500s-1600s.

Hacienda System

Land estate system in Spanish colonies (1500s-1800s) where landlords exerted control over indebted workers.

Joint-Stock Companies

Large investor-backed companies in Europe during the 1600s-1700s that sponsored exploration and colonization.

Mercantilism

An economic theory (1500s-1700s) where nations enriched themselves by limiting imports and encouraging exports.

Free-Market Capitalism

Economic system (1500s-1700s) regulated by supply and demand rather than government control.

Socialism

Political and economic theory emerging in the 1800s advocating community ownership of production and resources.

Communism

Political theory by Karl Marx from the late 1800s advocating a classless society with public ownership.

Feudalism

A social and economic system in Europe from 400s-1200s where landowners provided protection for labor.

Opium Wars

Conflicts between Britain and China (1839-1842) over trade disputes involving opium.

The New Deal

Programs instituted by FDR in 1933 to restore economic prosperity during the Great Depression in the USA.

Fascist Corporatism

Economic system in Italy and Germany in the 1920s-1930s emphasizing state control over private industries.

Five Year Plan

Soviet governmental programs to develop the economy from 1920s to 1940s, initiated by Joseph Stalin.

The Great Depression

The worst economic downturn in history starting in 1929, causing widespread unemployment and bank failures.

Ronald Reagan

40th U.S. president (1981-1989) known for conservatism and foreign policies that contributed to the end of the Cold War.

Margaret Thatcher

Prime Minister of Great Britain from 1979-1990 known for economic reforms and as the first woman to hold the position.

Deng Xiaoping

Chinese leader from 1979-1989 who implemented significant economic reforms and opened China to the international market.

Augusto Pinochet

Dictator of Chile (1974-1990) known for his controversial rule and economic policies following a military coup.

World Trade Organization

Global organization established in 1995 to manage international trade rules and promote globalization.

NAFTA

North American Free Trade Agreement signed in 1992 establishing a trade zone among the USA, Canada, and Mexico.

ASEAN

Association of Southeast Asian Nations formed in 1967 to promote economic integration among Southeast Asian countries.