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Jean-Jacques Rousseau
Enlightenment philosopher; advocated for the 'social contract' and natural human freedom.
Mary Wortley Montagu
English writer; introduced smallpox inoculation to England.
French Academy
Institution promoting French language, literature, and culture.
Royal Society
British scientific society advancing experimentation and collaboration.
Mercantilism
Economic theory emphasizing national wealth through trade regulation.
Maria Winkelmann
German astronomer; discovered a comet and contributed to her husband’s work.
Sir Isaac Newton
Mathematician and physicist; formulated the laws of motion and gravity.
Anton van Leeuwenhoek
Microscope pioneer; first to observe microorganisms.
Methodism
Christian movement emphasizing piety, discipline, and social reform.
Laissez-Faire
Economic principle advocating minimal government interference in markets.
Galileo Galilei
Astronomer; championed heliocentrism and improved the telescope.
Sir Francis Bacon
Philosopher; developed the scientific method.
Joseph II of Austria
Enlightened ruler; implemented reforms like religious tolerance and serfdom abolition.
Pugachev’s Revolt
Major peasant uprising in Russia (1773–1775) led by Emelyan (Last Name)*.
Nicolaus Copernicus
Astronomer; proposed the heliocentric theory.
René Descartes
Philosopher and mathematician; known for 'I think, therefore I am.'
Tycho Brahe
Astronomer; made detailed planetary observations.
Partition of Poland
The division of Poland by Russia, Prussia, and Austria in the late 18th century.
Margaret Cavendish
English philosopher and writer; early advocate for women in science.
