Unit 4 Need to Know AP EURO

Jean-Jacques Rousseau

Enlightenment philosopher; advocated for the 'social contract' and natural human freedom.

Mary Wortley Montagu

English writer; introduced smallpox inoculation to England.

French Academy

Institution promoting French language, literature, and culture.

Royal Society

British scientific society advancing experimentation and collaboration.

Mercantilism

Economic theory emphasizing national wealth through trade regulation.

Maria Winkelmann

German astronomer; discovered a comet and contributed to her husband’s work.

Sir Isaac Newton

Mathematician and physicist; formulated the laws of motion and gravity.

Anton van Leeuwenhoek

Microscope pioneer; first to observe microorganisms.

Methodism

Christian movement emphasizing piety, discipline, and social reform.

Laissez-Faire

Economic principle advocating minimal government interference in markets.

Galileo Galilei

Astronomer; championed heliocentrism and improved the telescope.

Sir Francis Bacon

Philosopher; developed the scientific method.

Joseph II of Austria

Enlightened ruler; implemented reforms like religious tolerance and serfdom abolition.

Pugachev’s Revolt

Major peasant uprising in Russia (1773–1775) led by Emelyan (Last Name)*.

Nicolaus Copernicus

Astronomer; proposed the heliocentric theory.

René Descartes

Philosopher and mathematician; known for 'I think, therefore I am.'

Tycho Brahe

Astronomer; made detailed planetary observations.

Partition of Poland

The division of Poland by Russia, Prussia, and Austria in the late 18th century.

Margaret Cavendish

English philosopher and writer; early advocate for women in science.