(INORGANIC CHEMISTRY MODULE) Deficiencies and Toxicities - ANTIDOTES - Important Alloys - Radiopharmaceuticals

Symptoms of Lithium Toxicity (4)

Tremors

Nephrogenic Diabetes Insipidus

Hyperthyroidism

Ebstein's Anomaly

This disease occurs in pregnant women that are experiencing Lithium toxicity

Ebstein's Anomaly

What happens when there is too much Sodium in the body

Hypernatremia = Fluid retention

Common causes of hypokalemia

Severe burns, diarrhea

What happens in hypokalemia

Muscle paralysis

What happens in hyperkalemia

Cardiac arrest (muscle contraction)

This compound is used in mercy killing

KCl

Antidote for potassium toxicity and its MOA

Sodium polystyrene sulfonate (Kayexalate)

MOA: Cation exchange resin

Occurs when there is too much Copper in the body

Wilson's disease

Wilson's disease is characterized as _________________

Having bronze like skin

Antidote for Copper toxicity

Pencillamine (Cuprimine)

What occurs in Silver toxicity

Argyria (Darkened skin)

Antidote for Silver

NACl (NSS) -> AgCl

Element used as DMARD

Au (gold)

What occurs in gold toxicity

Glossitis and Dermatitis

Antidote for Gold toxicity

BAL

What is affected when Calcium is too low (4)

Bone mineralization

Bowed Legs (Rickets = Children | Osteomalacia = Adults)

Osteoporosis

Muscle Spasms (Tetanus, and seizure)

What occurs when calcium is too much

Consitpation

Antidote for Calcium toxicity

EDTA - > Ca EDTA

Occurs when there is too much Barium in the body

Baritosis

Other name for baritosis

Benign pneumoconiosis

Antidote for Barium

MgSO4 -> BaSO4

Occurs when there is deficiency in Zinc (2)

Parakeratosis and Impaired Immunity

Occurs when there is toxicity in Zn due to inhalation

Metal Fume Fever

Antidote for Zn toxicity

NaHCO3

Occurs during Cd toxicity

Itai-Itai disease, defects in bone mineralization

Antidote for Cd toxicity after immediate exposure

Calcium disodium EDTA

Antidote for long term Cd toxicity

None, only palliative care

A neurotoxic element which causes Minemata disease

Mercury

What occurs when there is toxicity in mercury (4)

Minemata's Disease

Pink Disease

Acrodymia (Children)

Mad Hatters/Erythism (Adults)

What occurs when there is toxicity due to Boric Acid through oral/dermal absorption

Boiled lobster appearance

What happens when there is Al toxicity (4)

Constipation

Alzheimer's

Shaver's Disease

Bauxite Pneumoconiosis

This is a TB-like disease that occurs after exposure to Silicon/SiO2 that results to hemoptysis and lung irritation

Silicosis

Antidote for Silicon toxicity

Alumina (Absorbent)

What occurs in lead toxicity

Plumbism/Saturnism

Main characteristic of plumbism/saturnism

Wrist/foot drop

Antidote for Lead toxicity

Ca EDTA or Ca Versenate

This element is banned as it can cause Granuloma in skins and lungs

Zirconium (Zr)

This element is a general protoplasmic poison

Phosphorus P

Hallmark of Acute Phosphorus toxicity (2)

Garlic Breath, Luminous Vomitous

Hallmark of Chronic Phosphorus toxicity (1)

Bony Necrosis (Esp. in the mandible)

Antidote for Phosphorous toxicity

Cupric sulfate or Ceric sulfate

AKA lewisite metal

Arsenic

Hallmark of acute As toxicity

Aldrich mee's lines

Hallmark of chronic As toxicity

Arsenicosis and Cancer

Antidote for As toxicity

BAL/Dimercaprol

What occurs in Bi toxicity

Black Stools (Bismuth trisulfide) and black gums

Antidote for Bi toxicity

BAL

What occurs in Vanadium toxicity

Green tongue

What occurs in Sulfur (Sulfites/SO2) toxicity

Hypersensitivity (Angioedema, Bronchospasms, and anaphylaxis)

What occurs when there is deficiency of Se

Keshan Disease (Congestive cardiomyopathy)

What occurs in Se toxicity

Contact dermatitis

What occurs when there is Cr deficiency

Hyperglycemia (DM-like symptoms)

What occurs when there is Fluorine toxicity

Dental (enamel rotting) and Skeletal Fluorosis

What occurs when there is Fluorine toxicity particularly in Hydrogen fluoride

Slow healing of burns

What is the antidote for Fluorine toxicity

Calcium gluconate -> CaF

This element has a depressant property

Br

What occurs in Br toxicty

Bromism

Hallmarks of Bromism

Psychosis, Skin eruption, Head aches, Weakness

Antidote for Br toxicity

NaCl or NH4Cl -> NaBr or NH4Br

What occurs in Iodine deficiency

Simple/Colloid goiter

What occurs in Iodine deficiency in pregnant women

Can cause Cretinism leading to congenital hypothyrodism

What occurs in acute Iodine toxicity

Iodism

What occurs in chronic Iodine toxicity

hypothyroidism due to negative feedback

Antidote for Iodine toxicity

Starch Sol'n or NaCl or Na Thiosulfate

This forms a starch-iodo complex which is dark blue

What occurs in Mn toxicity

Parkinson's like tremors

What occurs in He toxicity

Donald duck sound

What occurs in Iron toxicity (3)

GI irritation (results to black stools)

Hemochromatosis

Cardiac Collapse

Antidote for Fe toxicity

Desferrioxamine

What occurs in Co deficiency

Megaloblastic anemia / Marcocytic anemia

Antidote for Co deficiency

Vit B12 (Hydroxocobalamin, and Cyanocobalamin)

Occurs in Ni toxicity

Nickel Itch (contact Dermatitis)

Composition of the Universal antidote

Activated Charcoal

Tannic Acid

MgO

The uses of each composition of the universal antidote

Activated Charcoal - Adsorbent

Tannic Acid - Poison Converter

MgO - Catalyst

Indication for the universal antidote

Weak acids and weak bases

Contraindication for the universal antidote

Kerosene and Cyanide poisoning

Ratio of each composition of the universal antidote

2:1:1

Activated Charcoal : Tannic Acid : MgO

Dissolved in 1 glass of water

This antidote is obtained through the destructive distillation of various organic materials

Activated Charcoal

The official USP of an Activated Charcoal

Fine Form

Uses for Activated charcoal aside from it being an antidote

Adsorbent

Anti diarrheal

This antidotes is a Ag proteinate stabilizer

Disodium EDTA or Edetate disodium

This antidote is used for emergency in Hypercalcemia in IV form

Disodium EDTA or Edetate disodium

The side effect of using Disodium EDTA or Edetate disodium

Rapid hypocalcemia

This antidotes is used for heavy metal poisoning esp lead

Calcium disodium edetate or Edetate calcium

The advantage of using this antidote is that it does not cause hypocalcemia

Calcium disodium edetate or Edetate calcium

The composition of the Cyanide Antidote Kit

Amyl Nitrite - Sodium Nitrite - Sodium Thiosulfate

Given as a supplemental antidote in Cyanide poisoning with metabolic acidosis

NaHCO3

Given as a supplemental antidote in Cyanide poisoning with hypoxia/asphyxia

Hyperbaric O2

This is prepared by fractional distillation of liquid air

Hyperbaric O2

Other agents used for CN poisoning (2)

Methylene Blue

Hydroxocobalamine (Vit. B12)

This radiopharmaceutical is used for:

Liver Imaging for potency studies

Tc99m phytate

This radiopharmaceutical is used for:

Hepatobiliary studies

Tc99m IDA (Imino diacetic acid)

This radiopharmaceutical is used for:

Liver scanning

Au198

This radiopharmaceutical is used for:

Tracer of liver function

I131 NaI Rose Bengal

This radiopharmaceutical is used for:

Dx of liver function

Na iodohippurate

This radiopharmaceutical is used for:

Kidney imaging for Renal function determination

Tc99m heptagluconate

This radiopharmaceutical is used for:

Kidney and brain scintillation scanning

Hg197 chlormerodrin

This radiopharmaceutical is used for:

Myocardial perfusion agent

Tc99m sestamibi/ methoxy isobutyl isonitrile

This radiopharmaceutical is used for:

Cardiac output determination - blood plasma vol.

I131 NaI

This radiopharmaceutical is used for:

thyroid scanning

Tc99m pertechnetate