ABNORMAL - Non-quiz

_______ is a method for studying the brain that involves generating a magnetic field on the surface of the head and stimulating underlying brain tissue.

Functional magnetic resonance imaging (fMRI)

________ are more or less plausible ideas used to explain something (e.g., a behavior) and can be tested using research methods.

Hypotheses

________ rates may be reported in terms of the lifetime risk of contracting a particular disorder.

Prevalence

__________ refers to the extent to which one can generalize the research results obtained from the sample population to other populations.

External validity

___________ refers to the estimated proportion of actual, active cases of a disorder in a given population at a given point of time.

Point prevalence

_______________are automatic beliefs concerning other people based on .

Stereotypes

______________are used to study questions that would not be possible to study with human subjects.

Analogue studies

A clinical social worker would provide a patient with help in which of the following areas?

Family therapy

A major finding from the National Comorbidity Survey Replication (NCS-R) was that ________

over half of the people with a history of one serious disorder had two or more comorbid disorders.

A major scientific problem with analogue studies is ________

the difficulty of generalizing to the naturally occurring phenomenon.

A person who goes to a therapist and describes themselves as being depressed would most likely be from which culture?

European American

A psychologist reports a single case of a disorder, detailing the person's feelings and responses. This research strategy is

weak because it rarely provides information we can generalize to others with the disorder.

A psychologist wishes to test the hypothesis that the experience of chronic physical pain can cause clinical depression, but the Ethics Committee of his university will not allow him to conduct a study in which he inflicts pain on the subjects. What kind of research design might best allow the psychologist to test this hypothesis while circumventing the committee's objection?

Analogue

A researcher interested in the health problems of people with schizophrenia interviews only those people diagnosed with the disorder who are in an inpatient facility. The most glaring weakness in this study is ________

nonrepresentative sampling.

A researcher says, "These studies make it too easy for investigators to find the background factors they expect to find. However, they would be more valid if we found documents like school reports that show the background factor before the disorder emerges." What kind of research strategy is the researcher referring to?

Retrospective strategies

A researcher who provides a certain treatment for one group and withholds treatment from a completely comparable group is using the ________ research method.

experimental

A researcher who studies children who are home-schooled and compares them to children who attend school is using the ________ research method.

correlational

A significant positive correlation is found between variables x and y. Which of the following may be safely inferred?

as x increases, y increases

A(n) ________ study uses an approximation of a given topic as the central focus of the research. This might involve using animals and then generalizing from their behaviors to those that may be seen in human beings

analogue

According to the case study in the textbook, for Zell Kravinsky the burden of _______ was almost unbearable.

refusing to help others

According to the DSM, when is deviant behavior viewed as indicative of a mental disorder?

When it is a symptom of a dysfunction in the individual

According to the National Comorbidity Survey Replication (NCS-R), which person would be most likely to suffer from more than one diagnosable psychiatric condition?

Annabelle, who has been diagnosed with severe panic disorder and depression.

All of the following are disadvantages of classifying and diagnosing mental disorders except ________

structure.

An experimenter wants to make sure that all of her participant groups are as similar as possible before the intervention being researched is applied. She takes her pool of participants and divides them into four different groups, making sure that each person has the same chance of being placed in any of those groups. What is the name for the procedure used to keep these groups approximately equivalent?

Random assignment

An important first step in studying a particular disorder is ________

determining the criteria for identifying people who have the disorder.

At its most fundamental level, the classification of mental disorders gives us a _________, which provide(s) clinicians with a common language and shorthand terms for complex clinical situations.

nomenclature

Automatic beliefs concerning other people that we learn as we grow up in a given culture are called ________.

stereotypes

Brett persistently injects himself with pain killers. This has greatly increased his chance of overdosing and dying. His behavior harms no one else. According to the DSM-5, is Brett's behavior consistent with the definition of a mental disorder?

Yes, because he is persistently acting in a way that harms him.

Briefly discuss why research in abnormal psychology is important.

Through the use of research, the characteristics of disorders can be studied and our understanding of the etiology of disorders is furthered. In addition, research must be used to determine the effectiveness of treatment.

Carl is asked to provide information about his drinking. Despite the fact that he has had several arrests for driving while intoxicated, Carl reports that he has no problems with drinking. This is an example of

the problems with self-report data.

Comorbidity means ________

that a person has two or more disorders.

Consider the criterion of subjective distress in the determination of a mental disorder. Which statement best describes its usefulness in deciding whether a given situation is "abnormal?"

Subjective distress is not a sufficient or necessary condition for us to consider something as abnormal.

correlation between wearing a bra and breast cancer. Based on this finding, which of the following statements is true?

Some additional variable may serve to explain the relationship observed between wearing a bra and developing cancer.

Courtney recently learned about a correlational study that revealed that 40 percent of persons diagnosed with schizophrenia are also left-handed. What can be assumed about schizophrenia and left-handedness on the basis of this information?

A positive correlational relationship exists between being diagnosed with schizophrenia and being left-handed.

Dante is interested in understanding the causes of autism spectrum disorder. In other words, he is interested in studying the ______ of autism spectrum disorder.

etiology

Describing a disorder as acute means that ________

it is a disorder that is short in duration.

Discuss one disadvantage of developing a classification system for mental disorders.

1. There is a loss of information when a classification scheme is applied to behaviour, as will happen when any single word is used to convey something as complex as a mental disorder.

2. In addition, there may be some stigma attached to receiving a psychiatric diagnosis.

3. Stereotyping may occur, leading to incorrect assumptions about and expectations of an individual who has received a psychiatric diagnosis.

Discuss the difference between prevalence and incidence.

Prevalence is the number of active cases of a disorder in a given population during a given period of time. Incidence is the number of new cases that occur over a given period of time.

Discuss the limitations of self-report data.

Can be misleading, sometimes deliberately lie, misinterpret questions or try to present themselves more favorably or less favorably than is true.

Dr. Brown wants to study social phobia. She induces temporary anxiety by having normal subjects believe they will be negatively evaluated by another person. This is an example of

an analogue study.

Dr. Francis has discovered that the more spaghetti people eat, the less likely they are to be diagnosed with depression. Based on this finding, what statement can be made about the relationship between spaghetti and depression?

There is a negative correlation between spaghetti eating and depression.

Dr. Gordon finds that heroin-addicted adults almost always smoked cigarettes and drank alcohol when they were young adolescents. Knowing this strong association we can conclude that ________

there is an association among the variables, but no causal inferences should be drawn.

Dr. Katz is researching the causes of all phobias. He puts an ad in a newspaper asking for only people who have an intense, distressing fear of snakes to come and participate in his study. The major problem with this is

he is not getting a representative sample.

Dr. Lopez wants to study the prevalence of schizophrenia with the population living in the south side of Chicago. He plans to count the number of persons diagnosed with schizophrenia that are living there on February 1. Individuals diagnosed before or after February 1 will not be included in the count. This method of evaluating the prevalence of persons diagnosed with schizophrenia in the south side population is called a(n) _________.

point prevalence

Dr. Ratzinger has hypothesized that thimerosal vaccines cause autism spectrum disorder (ASD). He compares a group of children who received the thimerosal vaccine and have been diagnosed with ASD to a group of children who received the thimerosal but do not have a diagnosis of ASD. The group of children with diagnosis of ASD is referred to as the __________ group; the group of children that does not have the diagnosis is referred to as the _______ group.

criterion; comparison

Dr. Ray has just conducted a study examining suicidal thoughts and behaviors among non-heterosexual teenagers. He is very confident that the results of his study are accurate. Dr. Ray would thus say that his study has high ________.

internal validity

During his abnormal psychology class exam, Peter began to pound the desk and make loud quacking noises. His classmates cast worried glances at the professor as Peter continued to quack and pound the desk. Which of the indicators of abnormality presented in your text best represents Peter's behaviors?

Dangerousness

Explain what a culture-specific disorder is and provide an example of one.

A culture-specific disorder is a disorder that occurs most commonly in or exclusively in a specific culture. While many disorders may present themselves differently in different cultures, these are disorders that are unique to a particular culture. Koro, a disorder seen most commonly in young Asian males, is one example. This anxiety disorder is characterized by an extreme fear that a body part is shrinking.

Fred refuses to speak at school, although he speaks normally at home. His therapist plans out a treatment where Fred is given a gold star every time he answers his teacher, and he can then trade in his stars for prizes. Fred begins speaking in class. The therapist then tells the teacher to stop the program for a couple of weeks. Fred stops talking during that time. The teacher then starts giving Fred stars again, and Fred again begins to talk. This is an example of ________

an ABAB experimental design study.

Goodwin (2014) analyzed 55 horror movies made between 2000 and 2012, and found that murderers are most often people who are depicted as suffering from ________.

psychosis

How has the effort to educate the public to the fact that mental illness is a neurological disorder impacted the amount of stigma associated with the diagnosis?

Being more aware of the origins of mental illness does not reduce the stigma associated with mental illness.

Ideally, a sample should be what?

Representative

If the score on one variable is high and the score on another variable is low, this is known as a __________ correlation

negative

In a study of the effects of ice cream on mood, the ice cream can be described as what?

The independent variable

In a study of the effects of ice cream on mood, the mood after ice cream exposure can be described as what?

The dependent variable

In Dr. Lu's study of eating disorders, she looked at the academic histories of girls with an eating disorder and girls who did not have such problems. In this example, the girls with eating disorders are the ________ group.

criterion

In Dr. Lu's study of eating disorders, she looked at the academic histories of girls with an eating disorder and girls who did not have such problems. In this example, the girls without eating disorders are the ________ group.

control

In epidemiological work, the number of new cases that occur over a given period of time is called _________.

incidence.

In experimental research, a phenomenon that is observed—the outcome variable of interest—is called the ________ variable.

dependent

In most prospective studies, ________

children who share a risk factor for a disorder are studied before signs of the disorder show up.

In the field of abnormal psychology, what does DSM stand for?

Diagnostic and Statistical Manual

In the United States, the standard for defining types of mental disorders is contained in the________

Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders.

In what significant ways do correlational research designs differ from experimental research designs?

There is no manipulation of variables in correlational research.

Individuals who have alcohol problems tend to come from families with other individuals who have alcohol problems. This would suggest that ________

although there is an association, no cause-effect relationship can be concluded.

It has been demonstrated that those who were prenatally exposed to the influenza virus are more likely to develop schizophrenia. In other words, prenatal exposure to the influenza virus is ________correlated with developing schizophrenia.

positively

José's father, Bastian, immigrated to America from the Caribbean ten years ago. Two months ago, Bastian's wife died after a lengthy battle with cancer. Bastian has recently been displaying crying fits, seizure-like episodes and, at times, aggressive behaviors. Medical professionals have been unable to identify a physical cause for Bastian's stress. Caribbean family members suspect that Bastian is suffering from __________.

ataque de nervios

Maria believes that her dead grandmother occasionally speaks to her. In deciding if Maria has a mental illness or not, which of the following should first be evaluated?

Is Maria's belief consistent with the beliefs of her culture?

Marlon has been diagnosed with a learning disability, and every other day leaves his 4th grade class to work with a specialist to enhance his understanding of mathematics. He is worried that his classmates will find out about his diagnosis and that they will tease him for it. Marlon is most worried about the ________ associated with the classification of a psychological problem.

stigma

Mental health epidemiology is

the study of the distribution of mental disorders in a given population.

Most mental health treatment ________

occurs in an outpatient setting.

Most people with psychological disorders ________

delay seeking treatment, sometimes for many years.

One of the problems with case study research is the issue of ________, or the extent to which findings in that one study can be used to draw conclusions about other, similar cases.

generalizability

One strength of case studies is ________

they can generate new ideas to explore.

Practically speaking, "abnormal" behavior means

any behavior that deviates from the norms of the society in which the person lives

Prior to 1974, homosexuality was included in the DSM and classified as a mental disorder. The removal of homosexuality from the DSM is an example of ________

how social or cultural shifts affect how we define abnormality.

Professor Gonzalez studied the relationship between breast milk versus formula feeding during infancy to children's IQ at age seven using a population of 100 children. Professor Gonzalez found that children who had been breastfed during infancy had significantly higher IQ scores compared to those who had been formula fed. Professor Patel repeated Gonzalez's research using 200 children in his study and found no significant differences in IQ score in terms of whether the child had had breast milk or formula during infancy. What concept could explain the marked differences in results of the two researchers?

Effect size

Random assignment means ________

every research participant has a chance of being placed within the treatment or no-treatment condition.

Researchers have observed that women who wear bras for more than 16 hours a day are more likely to develop breast cancer than those who spend less time in a bra. In other words, there is a

Some additional variable may serve to explain the relationship observed between wearing a bra and developing cancer.

Some forms of psychopathology are culture-bound. For example, in Japan, an anxiety disorder called __________ involves a marked fear that one's body, body parts, or body functions may offend or embarrass others.

taijin kyofusho

Stereotyping is an example of the stigma of mental illness. It means________

the automatic and often incorrect beliefs people have about people with mental illness.

The current version of the Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders, ________, was published in 2013.

DSM-5

The fact that body piercings are commonplace today while they would once have been viewed as abnormal illustrates that

the values of a society may change over time.

The International Classification of Diseases, revision 10 (ICD 10) is produced by ________

the World Health Organization.

The mayor of a city wants to know the number of new cases of a disorder over the past year. The mayor should ask an epidemiologist for the ________ of the disorder.

incidence rate

The number of people who have suffered from a particular disorder at any time in their lives is __________.

lifetime prevalence

The rationale for providing a return to baseline during the second A phase of an ABAB research design is to _________.

demonstrate that the behavior observed during the first B phase is attainable once again during the second B phase.

The strength of a correlation is measured by _________.

a correlation coefficient, which is denoted by the symbol r.

The term ________ refers to the number of active cases of a given condition or disorder that occurs during a given period of time.

prevalence

The trend toward deinstitutionalization in recent years means that ________

people are hospitalized more briefly and then treated on an outpatient basis.

The vast majority of people have not climbed to the peak of Mount Everest. Those who have represent a very small portion of the total population, but they would not be labeled as abnormal for having done so. This demonstrates the pitfall of using ________ as a lone criterion of abnormality.

statistical deviancy

Theresa, a developmental psychologist is studying nurturing play among preschool girls. She has been trained in observing certain nurturing behaviors in young girls. Theresa observes girls playing on their preschool playground and records the number of times the girls, hug, hold hands, and wave at each other. This type of observation is called ________.

direct observation

To determine whether certain characteristics are true of people in general, and not just of people with mental disorders, it is important to use

a control group.

Upon deciding to study individuals with a given disorder, what is the next step that should be taken?

Select criteria for identifying individuals with the disorder.

What are the benefits of classifying mental disorders?

Most sciences rely on classification to provide nomenclature, to structure information, and facilitate research.

What can be said about individuals who have a history of at least one serious psychological disorder?

Over 50 percent have two or more other disorders.

What did Seligman find by studying dogs exposed to uncontrollable shock?

Seligman found that uncontrollable shock led the dogs to behave much like depressed humans.

What distinguishes scientific hypotheses from everyday vague speculation?

Scientists attempt to test their hypotheses with appropriate methodologies.

What does it mean if a disorder is said to be highly prevalent?

It is common.

What does the case of JGH, a Native American elder, illustrate?

A person may focus on somatic symptoms, rather than mood, when depressed.

What does the notation p< .05 next to a correlation mean?

The probability that a correlation would occur purely by chance is less than 5 out of 100