Lesson 5- Approach Procedures

Types of approaches

Precision, non-precision, and apv

Precision approaches

Provide vertical and lateral guidance. Provide lowest minimums bc they’re so precise. Allow you to get the lowest to the runway before a missed approach procedure is needed

Types of precision approaches

ILS- instrument landing sys

PAR- precision approach radar

GBAS- ground based augmentation sys

Non-precision approaches

Provide lateral guidance only. Terminated with MDA. Keep you on final approach course of runway centerline but that’s it. Pilot responsible for proper alt. at certain fixes.

Types of non-precision approaches

VOR

ADF/NBD (practically extinct)

Localizer (ILS without proper glide slope)

ASR (radar) RNAV/GPS

APV approaches

Provide vertical and lateral guidance. Terminate with DA (decision alt.)

Types of APV approaches

RNAV/GPS (LPV, LNAV/VNAV)

Localizer

Digital marker that displays runway centerline. Extends laterally from threshold to 18NM

Standard localizer width?

700’. At the threshold, if you’re at full deflection that means you’re at least 350’ off of centerline. That can increase with distance from the runway and when runway lengths 🔼🔽

Deflection differences between VOR/localizer

Each tick on VOR= 2° deflection. Each tick on localizer= 1/2° deflection

Back course approaches or reverse sensing

“I am the needle.”

HSI

Horizontal situation indicator. Combines heading indicator with a CDI (course deviation indicator)

T/F any indicator that has its course set to 090° is set for the back course approaches.

T. It guarantees reverse sensing

What two things do you determine first on an HSI?

Course line and heading. Course line is the yellow head of the needle on the HSI

Glideslope

Provides vertical guidance

Purpose of glideslope?

Provide very guidance to the runway in IMC. Broadcast from an antenna array in the touchdown zone from the PAPI/VASI lights

Range components

Along the GS and localizer. Cone shaped and tell you where you are in relation to the runway.

T/F, when a compass locator is collocated with a marker beacon, the ID letters will be the same as the first two ID letters for the localizer

T

T/F, IFR gps may be used to id fixes defined by marker beacons, compass locators/NDBs, DME, and VOR radials

T

Guidance info

Localizer, glide slope

Range info

Marker beacon, DME

Visual info

Approach lights, touchdown and centerline lights, runway lights

Determining rate of descent

Distances between two points. Divided by speed. Take that number multiplied by 60min. Take that number and divide it into the total feet needed to be descended.

Ex: 3NM/ 100kts =.03 hrs

.03×60= 1.8, 900/1.8=500’/minute

Precision approach radar (PAR)

Uses ground-based radar operated by ATC to provide verbal instructions to the pilot

Instrument landing system (ILS)

Uses ground-based transmitters to provide both hot. and vert. guidance to the aircraft’s onboard instruments

Max acceptable descent of any approach during final stages?

1000’/minute

What ILS range facility is id’d by the first two letters of the localizer id group?

Outer compass locator

What ILS range facility is id’d by the last two letters of the localizer id group?

Middle compass locator

When performing a side step maneuver, when should you initiate it?

When the runway environment is in sight

Which range facility associated with the ILS can be id’d by a two letter coded signal?

Compass locator