Carbohydrates Lecture Notes Flashcards

Flashcards covering key concepts and definitions from a lecture on carbohydrates.

What are the three types of simple sugars (soluble) mentioned in the notes?

Monosaccharides, Disaccharides, and Polysaccharides

Name three examples of monosaccharides.

Glucose, Fructose, Galactose

Name three examples of disaccharides.

Maltose, Sucrose, Lactose

Name three types of non-starch polysaccharides.

Pectin, Gum, Cellulose, Hemicellulose

What is another name for glucose?

Blood sugar

What is the general formula for glucose?

C6H12O6

What process is used to obtain refined glucose?

Hydrolysis of starch with an acid

How many carbon and oxygen atoms are in glucose?

5 carbon atoms and 1 oxygen atom in a hexagonal ring

What is a key characteristic of fructose compared to glucose?

Sweetest of all sugars and more soluble than glucose. Does not crystallize as fast.

How is fructose obtained in the body?

Hydrolysis of food containing sucrose

Where does galactose come from?

Hydrolysis of milk sugar or lactose

Is galactose freely found in nature?

No, it does not exist in a free state in nature.

What is the general formula for disaccharides?

C12H22O11

How are disaccharides formed?

By condensation of two monosaccharides

How is maltose formed naturally?

During sprouting of grains via the condensation of two glucose molecules.

How is maltose obtained commercially?

Hydrolysis of starch induced by diastase.

What enzyme hydrolyzes maltose?

Maltase

List some uses of maltose.

Beer, malt production, bread making, infant foods, and coffee substitutes

What is sucrose commonly known as?

Cane sugar, beet sugar, or granulated/table sugar

What two molecules form sucrose?

One molecule of glucose and one molecule of fructose

Give examples of foods with high sucrose content.

Dates, sweetened condensed milk, chocolates, jellies, and pancake syrup (over 40%)

What is another name for lactose?

Milk sugar

What two molecules form lactose?

1 glucose and 1 galactose molecule

Where is lactose naturally found?

Cow's milk

What is the maximum number of monosaccharide units in oligosaccharides?

10 or fewer

Name some classifications of oligosaccharides.

Di, tri, and tetrasaccharides

Where are oligosaccharides found?

Molasses, seed coats of legumes and seeds

Give an example of of a trisaccharide.

Raffinose [Gal-Glc-Fruc]

What happens to undigested oligosaccharides in the body?

They remain in the intestine and become a food source for bacteria

What is a result of bacteria feeding on undigested oligosaccharides?

Gas production, causing flatulence