HLT 110 Exam 1 Review

Dimensions of Health

Physical, Emotional, Social, Spiritual, Intellectual, Environmental

Health Literacy

The degree to which individuals can obtain, process, and understand basic health information and services needed to make informed health decisions.

Epidemiology

Study of the causes, distribution, and control of diseases in populations

Social Cognitive Theory

Subtle and complex interaction among individual, environment, and specific behaviors

Health Belief Model

Perceptions and modifying factors → assessments → likelihood of action

Stages of Change Model

Precontemplation → Contemplation→Preparation → Action → Maintenance

Top Chronic Diseases

Heart disease, cancer, stroke

Stress

Person’s collective psychobiological responses to challenging situations

Distress

Negative stress; created by stressors that deplete energy and result in impaired performance

Eustress

Positive stress; created by stressors that motivate and result in improved performance

Acute Stress

Brief but intense; narrowly avoiding by accident

Episodic Stress

Regular or predictable but intermittent; ex. final exams

Chronic Stress

Prolonged and continual; ex. constant pain due to health condition

General Adaptation Syndrome

Alarm → Resistance → Exhaustion

Fight or Flight Syndrome

Acute stress response in which the autonomic nervous system triggers a set of physiological changes that prepares the body for action (Alarm stage of GAS)

Stress-related conditions

heart disease, obesity, depression

Type A Behavior

Excessive competitiveness, time-urgency, engages their stress response system on chronic basis

Tend-and-Befriend Response

Behavior pattern exhibited by humans under threat (ex. protecting offspring, seeking social support)

Locus of Control

Person’s beliefs about the underlying causes of events in their life

Internal control orientation

Outcomes are contingent on a person’s actions

External Control Orientation

Outcomes are determined by events or forces outside personal control

Nutrition

Science of food and how the body uses it in health and disease

Nutrient

Substance found in food that is used by the body to support normal growth, maintenance, and repair

Macronutrient

Carbohydrates, fats, proteins, water

Micronutrients

Vitamins and minerals

Energy Nutrients

Carbohydrates, proteins, fats

Regulatory Nutrients

Vitamins, Minerals, Water

Carbohydrates

Organic compounds that are the body’s main energy source (starches, sugars)

Fiber

Indigestible part of plant-based foods

Soluble Fiber

Lowers cholesterol and blood sugar

Insoluble Fiber

Adds bulk to stool and prevents constipation

Fats and Lipids

Most concentrated source of calories in diet (9 calories per gram); maintenance and function of cell membranes and absorption of some vitamins

Harmful Fats

Saturated and trans fats

Beneficial Fats

Unsaturated, polyunsaturated, monosaturated, omega-3 fatty acids

Cholesterol

Fatlike substance found in cells and obtained by diet or liver; meats and eggs

Protein

Made up of amino acids that is used for tissue growth and maintenance

Vitamins

Organic substances that occur in small amount and necessary for metabolic functions

Fat-Soluble Vitamins

D, E, A, K

Minerals

Inorganic elements that are essential to a variety of physiological processes; calcium, iron, sodium, potassium

Dietary Guidelines

Help Americans meet nutrient requirements, promote health, support active lives, and reduce risk of chronic diseases

Dietary Recommendations

Saturated and transfats below 10% of kcal, added sugars less than 10% of kcal, daily sodium intake less than 2300 mg, moderate alcohol consumption

Mediterranean Diet

Plant-based, balanced, less processed

BMI

Healthy is 18.5 to 24.9, 25 is overweight, 30 is obesity

Skill-Related Physical Fitness

Agility, Speed, Coordination, Balance

Anaerobic Metabolism

Does not require oxygen to produce energy for muscle contraction; short-lived

Aerobic Metabolism

Uses oxygen to produce energy for muscle contraction

Cardiorespiratory Function

Integration of the heart, lungs, and circulatory system; transports oxygen and removes CO2

Overload

Repeated exposure to loads of exercise results in responsive changes by the lungs, heart, muscle, and connective tissue

FITT

Frequency, intensity, time, type

Energy Expenditure on Daily Function

60-75%

Energy Expenditure on Digestion

5-10%

Energy Expenditure on Physical Activity

25-40%

Primary Care

Diagnosis and treatment of simple, routine illnesses

Secondary Care

Use of specialists for more complex or unusual conditions

Tertiary Care

Treating the most challenging medical conditions

Western Medicine

Science-based medicine in the west

Internal Medicine

Focuses on adult medicine

Optometrist

Primarily trained to prescribe glasses or contacts

Ophthalmologist

Eye care and surgery

Optician

Technician that can fit eyeglasses and contacts according to prescription

Natural Products

Use of specific compounds, foods, or special diets to treat an illness or disease

Complementary Medicine

Herbs, yoga, acupuncture, chiropractor, therapeutic massages

Homeopathy

Medicines can produce in healthy people the same symptoms they cure in sick people

Integrative Medicine

Uses both western and complementary medicine, views person as a whole