AP Euro - Units 1-2 Flashcards

Francesco Petrarch

believed he was living in a new era where writers and artists would bring forward the glory of a classical past. advocated for classical scholarship known as humanism, most known as the father of humanism

Humanism

emphasized the critical study of Latin and Greek literature, all while valuing the worthiness of human nature and human accomplishments. focused their attention on the present than the past/future

Secularism & Individualism

the further values similar to humanism, where philosophers wrote about the potential of man and developed their own beliefs on the kind of person an individual should aim to be. eventually became a prominent theme throughout Italy

Medici Family

a powerful banking family that ruled Florence behind the scenes

Lorenzo the Magneficent

member of the Medici Family. advocated for civic humanism, the belief that it was an intellectual’s civic duty to be involved in politics and help the community

Book of the Courtier, Baldassare Castiglione

a training manual of sorts for the ideal gentleman, also being a how-to book for climbing socially. described the broad academic background, physical fitness, and skills like music, math, and dance, that a gentleman should have. a prime example of a secular model for individual behavior

The Prince, Nicolo Machiavelli

used classical and current examples to argue about the qualities needed for effective rulers, after personally having lived through the power struggles in Florence for over two decades. a prime example of a model for political behavior

Italian Renaissance

• Catholic Church and wealthy aristocratic families paid for art

• Figures and mythology from classical Greece and Rome, religious figures and scenes were subjects depicted in art

• Materials: fresco, tempera, marble

• Focus: scientific principles of proportion, anatomy, and perspective

• Used religious subject matter

• Employed the use of perspective, naturalism, and realism

Northern Renaissance

• Wealthy merchants and monarchs paid for art

• Peasants in everyday life, portraits and nature, domestic interiors, and fewer nudes were subjects depicted in art

• Materials: oil on panel and wood

• Focus: color and detail

• Used religious subject matter

• Employed the use of perspective, naturalism, and realism

Christian Humanism

embodied in the writings of Erasmus, employed Renaissance learning in the service of religious reform. advocated the self-fulfillment of humanity through Christian principles

Desiderius Erasmus

“Prince of Humanists”, became a famous reformer who wanted to unite the classical ideals in Italy, like humanism and civic virtue, with Christian ideas from the bible like love and piety. wanted to look into classical sources and ancient Christian sources from church fathers (Christian Humanism)

Praise of Folly and Education, Erasmus

a Greek version of the New Testament and a satire that criticized religious and political institutions. believed that education was key to all reform and that Erasmus’ church had strayed from the ideals it should have been following. later created a Latin translation of the New Testament and Erasmus was accused of “laying the egg Martin Luther had hatched” for criticizing the Catholic Churches’ practices

Thomas Moore’s Utopia

describes an island outside of Europe where all children receive an education in the Greek and Roman classics and where problems like poverty and discord have been solved by the government. the island included religious toleration and no dissent or disagreement

Conditions of the Catholic Church

• Was the center of life for all social classes, most people being pious in the sixteenth century

• People had grievances with the church-educated laypeople like Christia Humanists, urban residents, villagers, artisans, and some church officials called for reform

• Signs of disorder and abuse in the church included:

  • Clerical immorality

  • Clerical ignorance

  • Clerical absenteeism/ pluralism

  • Clerical privileges

Martin Luther

An Augustian Monk who, through his study of the New Testament, came to believe that salvation was obtained by faith alone. believed that the Scriptures revealed God to people, not the traditions of the Catholic Church

Indulgences

used to finance the building of St. Peter’s Bascilica in Rome, ran by Johann Tetzel in German states, who promised that the purchase of these would bring full forgiveness for one’s sins or the sins of a loved one from purgatory

95 Theses

a set of reforms to the Catholic Church nailed to the door of a church in Wittenburg on October 31, 1517 by Martin Luther. prioritized the sales of indulgences, claiming salvation comes through faith alone than through money and finances

Luther’s Excommunication

Luther was threatened to excommunication by Charles V after his 95 Theses, also called to attend the Diet of Worms, which he refused to recant

Diet of Worms

holy Roman emperor, Charles V called for a diet, or assembly of nobility and clergy, in the city of Worms in 1521, where Luther refused to recant. religious division still continued in Germany after the diet

Peace of Augsburg

recognized Protestantism and had German princes decide between Catholicism and Lutheranism

John Calvin

proceeded from the idea of God’s absolute sovereignty and his omnipotence. created the idea of predestination. him and the government of Geneva, Switzerland attempted to regulate people’s conduct in order to create a godly city on Earth. banned recreational activities like card playing and dancing

Predestination

God decided at the beginning of time who would and would not be saved, also that humans couldn’t do anything to save themselves. proposed by John Calvin

James Knox

a minister who studied in Geneva with John Calvin. was instrumental in getting the Scottish Parliament to set up a Calvinist church as the official state Church of Scotland (Presbyterianism)