Lecture Review: Anatomical Planes, Directions, Regions, and Basic Chemistry

Flashcards covering anatomical planes, directionalTerms, body cavities/regions, and basic chemistry/atomic concepts from the notes.

What plane constitutes the direct midline that divides the body into equal left and right halves?

Midsagittal plane (also called the median plane); it is the direct midline.

How is a sagittal plane different from a midsagittal plane?

A sagittal plane is any plane that cuts left and right; the midsagittal plane is the exact midline.

What does the coronal (frontal) plane separate?

It separates anterior (ventral) from posterior (dorsal) parts.

What does the transverse (horizontal) plane separate?

It separates superior (cranial) from inferior (caudal) parts.

Define proximal and distal.

Proximal: closer to the trunk; distal: farther from the trunk (applies mainly to limbs).

Define dorsal and ventral.

Dorsal: toward the back; ventral: toward the front/chest.

Define cranial and caudal.

Cranial: toward the head; caudal: toward the tail.

Define superior and inferior.

Superior: toward the head; inferior: toward the feet (relative to posture/species).

Define anterior and posterior.

Anterior: toward the front; posterior: toward the back (ventral/dorsal in humans).

Define medial and lateral.

Medial: toward the midline; lateral: away from the midline.

What do superficial and deep describe?

Superficial: toward or at the surface; deep: away from the surface.

What is the anatomical position?

Stand upright, facing forward, arms at the sides, palms forward, feet together; thumbs pointed away from midline.

Where is the epigastric region located in the nine-region plan?

Above the stomach.

Where is the right hypochondriac region located?

Right upper region near the lower ribs.

Where is the left hypochondriac region located?

Left upper region near the lower ribs.

Where is the umbilical region located?

Center region around the navel.

Where is the right lumbar region located?

Right middle region near the lumbar (lower back) area.

Where is the left lumbar region located?

Left middle region near the lumbar area.

Where is the right iliac (inguinal) region located?

Right lower region near the groin.

Where is the left iliac (inguinal) region located?

Left lower region near the groin.

Where is the hypogastric (pubic) region located?

Lower middle region below the stomach; near the pubic area.

Difference between pubic and pelvic regions?

Pubic refers to the anterior edge of the pelvis; pelvic refers to structures within/around the pelvis (deeper).

How are inguinal and iliac regions sex-based in usage?

Inguinal is typically used in males due to the inguinal canal; iliac is used more in females due to underlying vessels.

What are the major divisions of the thoracic cavity?

Pleural cavities (lungs), pericardial cavity (heart), and mediastinal (metastinal) region.

What organs reside in the pleural and pericardial cavities?

Pleural cavities contain the lungs; the pericardial cavity contains the heart.

What cavities are included in the dorsal vs ventral body cavities?

Dorsal cavity contains the brain and spinal cord; ventral cavity contains the thoracic and abdominal-pelvic cavities.

What organs are typically housed in the abdominal and pelvic cavities?

Abdominal cavity houses many organs; pelvic cavity (within the hip bones) contains bladder, reproductive organs, and rectum.

Which regional approach is emphasized in this class, quadrants or nine regions?

Nine-region approach; quadrants are not used in this class.

What are protons, neutrons, and electrons?

Protons are positive and in the nucleus; neutrons are neutral and in the nucleus; electrons are negative and orbit the nucleus.

What is the atomic number?

The number of protons in the nucleus; equals the number of electrons in a neutral atom.

What is an isotope?

Atoms of the same element with the same number of protons but a different number of neutrons (e.g., carbon-12 vs carbon-14).

What does half-life refer to?

The time required for a quantity to reduce to half its amount; used in dating and dosing.

Which elements are commonly emphasized in introductory biology/chemistry?

Oxygen (O), Carbon (C), Hydrogen (H), Nitrogen (N), Calcium (Ca), Phosphorus (P); also Potassium (K), Sodium (Na), Chlorine (Cl), Magnesium (Mg), Sulfur (S).

What are pollex and digital in anatomical terms?

Pollex refers to the thumb; digital refers to the fingers (digits).