Section B: the changing economic world

define quality of life and standard of living

what is the Brandt line and why is it wrong

quality of life- wellbeing of people
standard of living- based on wealth e.g housing

Brandt line-countries north are HIC, south are LIC, wrong as:

• china is world’s largest economy but it is south of line

• according to GNI, south africa and UAE should be north

• Brazil(south) has a higher GNI than hungary and bulgaria (north)

waht 3 factors does HDI use

define, what does it show and what are the limitations of:

literacy rate, people per doctor, access to safe water, infant mortality, life expectancy, death rate, birth rate

literacy rate- % of adults who can read/write, how good education is, hard to do census in rural areas
people per doctor- how many people use one doctor, how good healthcare is, doctors may text for quick advice so less need for many
access to safe water- % w access to safe water, how good infrastructure/ sewage system is, hard to collect data in rural areas
infant mortality- how many children die under 1 per 1000 live births, post natal care/healthcare, inaccurate data in some countries

life expectancy-average years before death
death rate- deaths per 1000 per year
birth rate- births per 1000 per year, women’s education, contraception

HDI- based on GNI, life expectancy and average years at shcool

in LIC,NEE, and HIC, what is the main industry, characteristics and examples

LIC: agriculture, vulnerable to natural hazards and take longer to recover, no economic support, Mali, Chad, Niger

NEE: manufacturing, rapid factory expansion, industrialisation, NIgeria, Russia, China

HIC: services, post industrial economy, UK, USA,Canada

pros and cons of economic migrants and forced migrants

economic migrants:
+pay tax, more workers to contribute to economy, fill skill shortages
-brain drain in country they left, strains services

forced migrants/refugee:
+moral duty to help, can support unwanted jobs e.g manual labour
- strain on healthcare and services

describe the 5 stages of the demographic transition model

stage 1: indigenous tribes, high birth and death rate, high infant mortality rate, need child labour, lack of healthcare

stage 2: death rate drops, high birth rate, falling deathrate, increasing healthcare, natural increase

stage 3: birth rate drops, falling birthrate, low death rate, less infant mortality, better education, access to contraception

stage 4: low birth and death rate, better education and standard of living, gender equality

stage 5: natural decrease, very low death rate, birth rate lower than death rate

what are physical causes of wealth inequality

poor climate: less crop growth/food production→malnutrition and poor quality of life→less to sell so earn less money

mountains: hard to build infrastructure for development and inaccessible for trade

few raw materials: fewer products to sell→less money dependency on resources→price fluctuates a lot

natural disasters: destroy people and properties→money spent fixing not improving

landlocked: less trade→earn less money

historical and economic causes of wealth inequality

economic:

poor trade links: less goods/services exchanged→less money and lots of debt→money paid back w interest so money earnt isn’t used on development

economy based on raw materials→fluctuating price

historic

colonisation-Europe stole Africa’s raw materials and sold back expensive manufactured products

conflict- worse healthcare and more deaths, infrastructure is damaged and money is spent on weaponry not development

how does aid, investment, fairtrade, intermediate technology, microfinance loans, industrial devlopment and debt relief reduce the development gwap

investment- companies locate part of business abroad, so factories, roads and internet cables are built by the company
aid-another country/charity gives money or resources benefitting the people
fairtrade- products cost more but farmers get a fair wage and aren’t exploited
intermediate technology- using small scale, easy to work equipment to solve problems e.g taankas
microfinance loans- can be used to start businesses and be financially independent but can increase debt and doesn’t work largescale
industrial development- boosts GNI, less reliance on raw materials, improved infrastructure
debt relief- cancelled debt so money can be used on development, corrupted governments may abuse this

Jamaica tourism, about, pros and cons of how it impacts employment infrastructure, quality of life and environment

Jamaica is a Caribbean island that struggled to develop due to debt, colonialism and wars, tourists visit kingston(airport, golf course) Cockpit County(caves to explore) and Montego Bay(beach, museum)

employment: +more money→better standard of living, boosts economy
-job competition, exploitation, higher cost of living

infrastructure: + more development, new port→more trade
-inequality as some areas left behind

quality of life: +higher wage→more tax, gov can invest more in healthcare
-antisocial behaviour from tourists, inequality

environment: +conservation projects, ecotourism
-litter, air pollution from transport

Nigeria: regional and global importance, political social, and environmental context

regional importance-highest GDP in Africa, largest population and farm output in Africa
global importance-15th largest oil producer in the world, 5th largest contributor to UN peace

context:
political- gained independence in 1960 but had a dictatorship and civil war
social- multiethnic, Christian, Islam and traditional African religions, tensions caused by extremists Boko Haram,
cultural- Nollywood is 2nd largest film industry
environment- North is hot and dry w savannah, cotton and cattle grow
South is hot and wet, crops like cocoa palm oil and rubber, no cattle

Shell in Nigeria pros and cons and social, economic and environmental effects of Oil spills in Bodo Town

Shell is a transnational corporation
+employs 2700 people, 90% of contacts go to Nigerian employees, gave 3000 scholarships, working with government to build natural gas plant to support industry

-human rights abused, most profits don’t go to Nigeria as it’s exported, poor pay and working conditions

oil spills in Bodo Town:
social-loss of jobs and houses
economic- fishermen and famers lost jobs, £5 million compensation
environmental- loss of habitats→less biodiversity

rural change in uk

rural growth: South Cambridgeshire
30% of people are 65yr+, 50%moves elsewhere

+increase in skilled workers, multiplier effect, increase in property price

-job competitions, 80% car ownerships→CO₂ and traffic, strain on services

rural decline: outer hebrides
-aging population, care issues for elderly left behind, social isolation, lack of investment, unemployment, less aspiration→crime

describe how industry moves from primary to quaternary sector, environmental impact of UK

primary-resource gathering e.g. farm→ industrialisation→secondary-manufacturing e.g factory→deindustrialisation→tertiary-services e.g office jobs→quaternary- research and development e.g. IT

in UK p and s decrease, t and q increase

environmental impact of industry in UK :

• release waste

• water and air pollution

• scsars landscape

globalisation, EU and how government changed services

globalisation- connecting w the world
Uk does this through trade, migration, social media, international organisations e.g UN

EU:

• provided support to disadvantaged regions

• more trade between world’s largest single market

• common agriculture policy to support EU farming

• some laws on crime and pollution that Uk didn’t agree with

Margaret thatcher privatised government owned companies(NHS) like trains and water so instead of profits going to investments to benefit people, businesses priorities profit over people, equipment is more modernised, new and efficient

UK’s changing transport(roads, trains, ports and airports) science parks and business parks

roads: increase motorway capacity, more road connectivity, add lanes
trains: high speed 2 London to Birmingham in 52 minutes, Crossrail-London to leeds
Ports: Felixstowe- busiest port, handles 48% container trade, Southhampton-1.7m passengers a year, London- 2nd largest, handles a range of goods

airports: heathrow 3rd runway, +tourism, jobs, improved travel connections, easier access to london
-noise, pollution, traffic on M25, expensive, destroys land to build

science parks-group of science and tech businesses on one site, 75,000 people work
business parks- land occupied by businesses

South-North Divide in UK and strategies to reduce it

North has worse healthcare and education(lower GCSE results), 40% lower wages, more unemployment

strategies to reduce the inequalities:

• foreign investments:+jobs and training, invests in local infrastructure

• enterprise zones:business friendly laws e.g lower tax(£54k off a year), simpler planning regulations, financial allowances for machinery, superfast broadband

• local enterprise zones: partnerships between businesses and local councils for advice and contracts e.g Lancanshire, created 3000 jobs, gov invested £20m, BT invested £26 million in superfast broadband, business growth hub

• transport e.g high speed 2 +tourism, businesses access more customers, less CO₂ emissions, people in Birmingham access London’s higher wages
  -£50 billion, displace people and farmland and ecosystems are destroyed by construction