structure of body parts and relation to one another.
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Physiology
Concerns function; how body parts work for life sustaining activities. It is explainable only in terms of underlying anatomy
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Gross/macroscopic anatomy
Large structures visible to the naked eye
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Regional anatomy (subdivision of gross)
All structures in a particular region are examined at once (ex: leg)
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Systemic anatomy (subdivision of gross)
Body structure is studied system by system (ex: cardiovascular)
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Surface anatomy (subdivision of gross)
Internal structures as they relate to skin surface (ex: bugling muscles, pulses)
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Microscopic anatomy
Structures too small to be seen with the naked eye. Thin slices of tissues are stained and mounted on glass and examined under a microscope
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Cytology (subdivision of microscopic)
structures/study of cells of the body
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Histology (subdivision of microscopic)
study of microscopic structure of tissues
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Developmental anatomy
structural changes throughout the lifespan
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embryology (subdivision of developmental)
developmental changes before birth
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Pathological anatomy
structural changes caused by disease
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Radiographic anatomy
internal structures via x-ray
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Palpation
feeling with hands
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auscultation
listening to organ sounds via stethoscope
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Renal physiology
kidney function and urine production
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neurophysiology
nervous system function
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cardiovascular physiology
heart and blood vessel function
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Principle of complementarity of structure and function
What a structure can do depends on its form
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chemical, cellular, tissue, organ, organ system, organism
levels of organization from most simple to most complex
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muscle tissue
tissue provides movement
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epithelial tissue
tissue covers body surface and cavities
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connective tissue
tissue supports and protects organs
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nervous tissue
tissue for internal communication via electrical impulses
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organ
structure composed of at least 2 (mostly 4) types of tissue with a specific, complex function
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Organ system
organs working together for a common purpose
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organism
sum total of all structural levels working together to keep us alive
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integumentary system
Hair, skin, nails. system forms body covering, protects tissues from injury.
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skeletal system
Joints, bones. System protects and supports organs, provides framework for movement. Blood cells formed within bones. Bones store minerals
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Muscular system
Muscles. System allows manipulation of environment. Maintains posture, produces heat.
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Nervous system
brain, spinal cord, nerves. Control system responds o changes by activating muscles and glands.
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Endocrine system.
Glands secrete hormones. System regulates reproduction, growth, metabolism.
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Cardiovascular system
Heart, blood vessels. System transports blood, carries oxygen, CO2, nutrients, waste, etc. Heart pumps blood
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Lymphatic system
Red bone marrow, thymus, lymphatic vessels, thoracic duct, spleen, lymph nodes. System returns fluid leaked from blood vessels to blood. Houses blood cells involved in immunity.
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Respiratory system
Nasal cavity, pharynx, larynx, bronchus, trachea, lungs. System keep blood in supply of oxygen and removes CO2.
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Digestive system
Oral cavity, esophagus, liver, stomach, small intestine, large intestine, rectum, anus. System breaks down food into absorbable units and eliminates indigestible foodstuffs.
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Urinary system
Kidney, ureter, urinary bladder, urethra. System eliminates nitrogenous waste from body, Regulates water, electrolytes, and acid-base balances of blood.
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Male reproductive system
Prostate, penis, testis, ductus deferens, scrotum. System produces sperm and male sex hormone.
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female reproductive system
Mammary glands, uterus, vagina, ovaries, uterine tube. System produces eggs and female sex hormone, serves as sites for fertilization and development of fetus. Mammary glands produce milk to nourish newborn.
Body maintains stable internal conditions. Body is in a dynamic state of equilibrium, conditions vary in narrow limits.
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Negative feedback mechanism
Most common homeostatic control mechanism. Net effect: outputs shuts off original stimulus/reduces intensity. (ex: body temperature, blood sugar)
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Positive feedback mechanism
Enhances original stimulus, in same direction as initial change. Often referred to as “cascades. (ex: blood clotting, contractions during birth)
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Homeostatic imbalance
When negative feedback mechanisms are overwhelmed, and destructive positive feedback mechanisms take over. OR, body systems become less efficient with age.
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Endocrine and nervous
Two organ systems responsible for homeostasis (think communication)
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Receptor
Thing that allows body to sense something is off. Could be monitoring: fluid levels, BP, HR, temp, etc. Continually sends signals to control centre via afferent pathway.
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control center
Place in body that controls area being monitored. Compares information given by receptor to the set point. If outside of range, control center sends signal via efferent pathway.
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Disease
core of _____ is an issue with negative feedback loop (cause of homeostatic imbalance)
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Body is erect, feet slightly apart. Standing at attention, with palms forward and thumbs away. Heels raised to show plantar surface of foot
Studied by 218 people
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Flashcard (29)