BIOL 235 - midterm 1 diagrams

Positive feedback system

if a response enhances the original stimulus

Negative feedback system

if a response reverses the original stimulus

Anatomical position/ directional terms

To stand erect with arms at the sides and palms of the hands turned forward

Planes of the body

Dividing the body into planes or flat surfaces is an additional way to describe the body. (useful in CT scans, MRI, etc.)

Sagittal Plane, Midsagittal plane, Frontal plane, Transverse Plane

Body cavities

spaces within the body that contain vital organs

abdominopelvic cavity

contains both the abdominal and pelvic cavities

How an enzyme works

1.Substrates are bound to the active site by attractions to amino side chains

2.Shape changes in the active site forces the substrate into a shape that is halfway between the substrate and the product

3. bonds are broken and new bonds are made (make bonds to break bonds)

Parts of a cell

Cell membrane, cell wall, centriole, chloroplasts, chromatin, cytoplasm, endoplasmic reticulum, flagella, golgi complex/apparatus, lysosome, mitochondria, nucleolus, nucleus, ribosomes, vacuole

Fluid mosaic model

Structural model of the plasma membrane where molecules are free to move sideways within a lipid bilayer.

Function of membrane proteins

transport, enzymatic activity, signal transduction, cell-cell recognition, intercellular joining, attachment to the cytoskeleton and extracellular matrix

DNA to mRNA

A-U

T-A

C-G

G-C

Cell division mitosis

Mitosis reproductive cell division

Cell junctions

Cell shapes & arrangement of layers

Multicellular exocrine glands

Glands and secretions

- salivary gland

- mammary gland

- sebaceous oil gland

Connective tissues

Bone tissue

Integumentary system

Cells in the epidermis

Hair (structure)

Nail (structure)

Parts of long bone

Types of cells in bone tissue

Spongy and compact bone

Blood supply of mature long bone

Bone formation

Axial skeleton

Appendicular skeleton

Types of bones

Bone surface markings

Skull (sutures)

Vertebral column

Pectoral girdle

Pelvic girdle

True and false pelvis

Arm bones

Leg bones

Skull bones

Joints

Angular movements

Types of synovial joints

Synovial joints

TMJ joint

Shoulder joint

Hip joint

Knee joint

Muscular cells

Muscle tissue (parts)

Skeletal muscle (parts)

Filaments (with a sarcomere)

Z discs

Narrow, plate-shaped regions of dense material that separate one sarcomere from the next.

A band

Dark, middle part of sarcomere that extends entire length of thick filaments and includes those parts of thin filaments that overlap thick filaments.

I band

Lighter, less dense area of sarcomere that contains remainder of thin filaments but no thick filaments. A Z disc passes through center of each I band.

H zone

Narrow region in center of each A band that contains thick filaments but no thin filaments.

M line

Region in center of H zone that contains proteins that hold thick filaments together at center of sarcomere.

Sliding filaments (muscle contraction)

Contraction cycle

Neuromuscular junction

Contraction and relaxation in muscle

ATP for muscle contraction

Muscle contractions

Visceral smooth muscle fibers

Cell cycle