Ch. 6.1 Nuc Med II

U.S. Nuclear Regulatory Commission

A federal agency responsible for regulating civilian use of nuclear materials and ensuring the safety and security of radioactive material

U.S. Nuclear Regulatory Commission

NRC

U.S. Nuclear Regulatory Commission

Responsible for regulation of the purchase, receipt, use and disposal of radioactive material

Department of Transportation

DOT

Department of Transportation

Controls the packaging and interstate movement of hazardous materials, including radioactive materials.

Type A and Type B

Radioactive packages are typically put in 2 major categories:

Food and Drug Administration

FDA

Food and Drug Administration

Regulates and monitors the manufacture, distribution, safety, and effectiveness of radiopharmaceuticals.

Type A

This shipping type is designed to survive normal transportation handling and minor accidents and is adequate for normal transport

Type A

This shipping type has three separate categories for shipping that is based on the measured dose rate in milli-roentgens per hour (mR/hr)

Type B

This shipping type is designed to handle severe accidents and are typically used for very large quantities of radioactive material

Type B

Typically used for pharmacies or nuclear reactors for production

DOT I

Also known as White I

no more than 0.5 mR/hr

DOT I at contact

no detectable radiation

DOT I at 3 feet

DOT I

typically used for most nuclear medicine containing tc 99m

DOT II

Also known as Yellow II

no more than 50 mR/hr

DOT II at contact

no more than 1 mR/hr

DOT II at 3 feet

DOT II

typically used for most nuclear medicine containing Ga 67 and In 111 and F 18

DOT III

Also known as Yellow III

no more than 200 mR/hr

DOT III at contact

no more than 10 mR/hr

DOT III at 3 feet

DOT III

typically used for most nuclear medicine containing high activity amounts either for radiation oncology or for pharmacy shipments

time, distance, and shiedling

External radiation exposure can be easily reduced by following simple protection principals of:

film badges, TLD, OSLD, pocket ionization chambers

most common methods of monitoring radiation exposure of professionals

film badges

Each individual working in or near the nuclear medicine department should be assigned on the these badges

copper, lead, aluminum and plastic

the internal filters inside a film badge

CLAP

Acronym for the film badge filters

10 mRem to several hundred Rem

Film badges are effective for measuring radiation exposures of:

Lithium Fluoride

Thermoluminescent Dosimeters use what kind of crystal

light proportional to the amount of radiation absorbed

crystals emit what in TLDs

heat (annealing)

What is needed to measure the light in TLDs

ring badge

What is the most common TLD use in Nuc Med

aluminum oxide

What is material is used in OSLDs

light proof

characteristic of OSLD envelope

with light

how is an OSLD read/measured

Optically Stimulated Luminescent Dosimeter

OSLD stands for

Thermoluminescent Dosimeter

TLD stands for

three months

How long can an OSLD be used to

dose equivalents

radiation dose limits are expressed as

Total Effective Dose Equivalent

TEDE

the sum of deep dose equivalent (DDE) and committed effective dose equivalent (CEDE)

TEDE definition

Total Effective Dose Equivalent

The sum of deep dose equivalent (DDE) and committed effective dose equivalent (CEDE)

Shallow Dose Equivalent

SDE

Deep Dose Equivalent

DDE

Committed effective dose equivalent

CEDE

used to calculate the exposure to the skin or any appendage when it is taken at a tissue depth of 0.007cm

Shallow Dose Equivalent definition

0.007cm

SDE tissue depth

yes

Does pregnancy need to be declared for monitoring to occur?

5rem (50mSv)

Occupational Limits : Whole-body TEDE

15rem (150mSv)

Occupational Limits : Lens of eye (LDE)

50rem (500mSv)

Occupational Limits : Any organ/tissue

0.1rem (1mSv)

Occupational Limits : Member of general public TEDE

0.5rem (5mSv)

Occupational Limits : Embryo/fetus of occupational worker (entire pregnancy)

indicates any area in which certain quantities or radioactive materials are used or stored

Caution: Radioactive Materials

entrances to work areas and nuclear medicine labs

Where can this be found Caution: Radioactive Materials

no

Can you eat and drink in radioactive materials area

indicates areas in which an individual could receive more than 5mRem in 1 hr at 30cm from radiation source

Caution: Radiation Area

5mRem at 1hr at 30cm

rate and distance of exposure in Radiation Area

Indicates areas in which an individual can receive more than 100mRem in 1hr at 30cm from radiation source

Caution: High Radiation Area

100mRem in 1hr at 30cm

rate of exposure in high radiation area

Where radiation therapy is performed

Where is Caution: High Radiation Area found

indicates an area in which an individual could receive an absorbed dose of more than 50rad (5 Gray, Gy) in 1 hr at 1 m from the radiation source

Caution: Grave Danger Very High Radiation Area

Nuclear reactors or on nuclear submarines near the reactor containment area

Where is Caution: Grave Danger Very High Radiation Area found?

No

Is Caution: Grave Danger Very High Radiation Area in hospital setting?

NRC

What agency requires the radioactive label?

1. Visually inspect the package for signs of damage or moisture

2. If there are no signs of damage or moisture, measure the exposure rate at a distance of 1m and surface from package *exposure rates above 200mR/hr at surface or surface or 10mR at 1m are reached notify NRC immediately

3. Wipe the outside of the package. If measurable amounts exceed 24dps/cm2 or 7200dpm/cm2 for a wiped surface of 300cm2 the package needs to be returned

4. After opening the package, verify the contents match the shipping label

5. Monitor the packaging material for contamination and remove the radiation labels before discarding the packaging material

Steps receiving shipment from handler