Cold War- C18 Detente upto 1979

When was SALT I agreed?

26th May 1972

When was the Basic Treaty signed?

21st December 1972

When was the Vladivostok Summit?

November 1974

When were the Helsinki Accords finalised?

August 1975

When did Deng Xioping visit the USA?

February 1979

When was SALT II agreed, but not fully ratified?

9th May 1979

When was the Vienna Summit?

June 1979

What were the two parts of SALT I?

1. ABM Treaty

2. Interim Agreement

What did the ABM Treaty do?

Limited the USA and USSR to construct two fields of ABMs, one around their capital, each with no more than 100 missiles

What were 3 effects of the ABM Treaty?

1. Significantly restricted the strategic value of ABMs

2. No significant further competition to develop ABM technology

3. Made race to develop offensive strategic nuclear weapons less critical

How did both the USSR and USA view the ABM treaty?

A fundamental contribution in preventing the possibility of nuclear war

What did the ABM Treaty show about both superpowers?

That they recognised the other's destructive power, and therefore that each side had an interest in preventing the possibility of nuclear war

What did the Interim Agreement do?

Established a freeze on strategic missiles

How many ICBMs were the USA and USSR allowed by the Interim Agreement?

USA- 1054

USSR- 1618

How many SLBMs were the USA and USSR allowed by the Interim Agreement?

USA- 656

USSR- 740

How many strategic bombers were the USA and USSR allowed by the Interim Agreement?

USA- 450

USSR- 140

How long was the Interim Agreement meant to last for?

5 years (so until 1977)

What 2 things did the Interim Agreement not place any limitations on?

Cruise missiles and MIRVs

What political advantages did SALT I talks reinforce for Brezhnev and Nixon?

Those to be gained by backing policies which created greater stability and prospects of international peace

What was the USA accepting with SALT I?

Nuclear parity between itself and the USSR

What era of international relations did SALT I begin?

Detente

What did SALT stand for?

Strategic Arms Limitation Talks

Where were SALT I agreements finalised?

The Moscow Summit

What did the Basic Principles do?

Set out the guidelines for future US-Soviet relations

What else, apart from SALT I, was agreed at the Moscow Summit?

Basic Principles

How many Basic Principles were there?

12

What were 3 of the Basic Principles?

1. That the USA and USSR would both agree that there is no alternative to peaceful coexistence

2. That the nations would focus on avoiding situations developing that could damage their commitment to peaceful coexistence

3. The acceptance that the US and USSR had a special responsibility to do everything in their power to avoid situations arising which could increase international tensions

What was a limitation of the Basic Principles?

They had no legal status

How did the USA and USSR view the Basic Principles differently?

The USA viewed them as a set of aspirations, whereas the USSR saw them as of fundamental importance as they recognised parity between the USA and USSR

When did SALT II negotiations begin?

Shortly after SALT I was agreed upon

What preceded the Vladivostok Summit?

Kissinger's visit to Moscow in October 1974

What did Kissinger talk to Brezhnev about in October 1974?

The numbers of strategic missiles and MIRVs

Was Kissinger's visit to Moscow in October 1974 a success?

There was some movement in the positions held by both sides

What was agreed at the Vladivostok Summit?

A framework for a ten-year plan, which was seen as a preliminary move towards a future SALT II treaty

When did Congress pass resolutions supporting the Vladivostok Agreement?

February 1975

Why was there internal opposition in the USA to the Vladivostok Agreement?

The high levels of weapons being retained and the apparent gains made by the Soviet Union

What did the USSR agree to at Vladivostok?

Equal levels of ICBM and SLBM launchers

What was a problem which meant that a smooth transition from Vladivostok to SALT II would not happen?

The USA argued that the limits on air-to-surface missiles only applied to ballistic missiles, whilst the USSR argued that this also included cruise missiles

Who were 2 government ministers who opposed Kissinger after Vladivostok?

Secretary of Defence Donald Rumsfeld and Chairman of the Joint Chiefs George Brown

What happened to cause Brezhnev to reject new SALT agreements by 1976?

New proposals being forced on Kissinger, as well as it being an election year

What changed with regards to SALT agreements when Carter took over?

His administration tried to establish a much more ambitious arms reduction programme for SALT II than had been laid out at Vladivostok

Which of Carter's advisers most significantly placed pressure on him to adopt a hard-line position on arms reductions on the USSR?

Zbigniew Brzezinski

What was public opinion about arms reduction when Carter became president?

It was placing pressure on Carter to take a hard line on arms limitations

What was Carter considering by March 1977?

Substantially reduced levels of heavy ICBMs, new limits on testing, and a ban on new type of ICBMs

What new proposals were revealed to the Soviets on 28th March 1977?

1. Reducing strategic systems levels from the 2400 agreed at Vladivostok to 1800-2000

2. Reducing the number of launchers for missiles with MIRVs from 1320 to 1100

3. Reducing modern ICBMs to 150 and the number of launchers for ICBMs with MIRVs to 550

4. A ban on development, testing and deployment of new ICBMs

5. A ban on all cruise missiles with a range over 2500km

6. Only heavy bombers could have air-launched cruise missiles with a range of 600-2500km

What did Brezhnev think about Carter's March 1977 proposals?

He regarded the Vladivostok agreement as binding, and thought Carter was acting in a unilateral and unacceptable manner

What did the USSR do and feel in response to Carter's March 1977?

They felt that the proposals demanded a disproportionate reduction in Soviet forces and that Carter was moving away from detente. They rejected the proposals out of hand.

What was the main concrete achievement at the Vienna Summit?

The signing of SALT II

What was Ostpolitik?

A term used to define a new approach to European East-West relations

Who was appointed as West German Chancellor in October 1969?

Willy Brandt

What doctrine did Brandt choose to abandon?

The Hallstein Doctrine

What was Brandt's strategy with regards to Ostpolitik?

1. Recognise East Germany and the territorial changes which had occurred at the end of WW2

2.Negotiate with the USSR and GDR

3. Settle the frontier with Poland

When was a joint Non-Aggression Pact between West Germany and the USSR signed?

August 1970

What treaty did West Germany and Poland sign on 7th December 1970?

One which recognised the Oder-Neisse border

What happened in Germany in May 1971?

Walter Ulbricht resigned and was replaced by Erich Honecker

What did the resignation of Ulbricht do?

Furthered the establishment of Ostpolitik and eventual mutual recognition of the two Germanies, as well as allowing the accomodation of the East German idea of 2 states with the West German idea of '2 states within one nation'

What major development in European detente came in December 1972?

The two Germanies signed an agreement formally recognising one another, known as the Basic Treaty

What did Kissinger realise about growing European detente by the early 1970s?

That the USA must develop detente with the USSR to prevent West German detente from marginalising US influence in Europe

When did the UK and France establish diplomatic relations with the GDR?

February 1973

When did the USA establish diplomatic relations with the GDR?

December 1974

When did the FRG establish diplomatic relations with East Germany?

February 1974

What 3 things were embedded in the Basic Treaty?

1. Commitment to potential economic relations

2. Recognition of East and West German sovereignty

3. Recognition of East and West German territorial inviolability

What were both the FRG and GDR by the end of September 1973?

Members of the UN

What did the Basic Treaty do apart from settling relations between the FRG and GDR?

Provided a route by which other European nations could establish relations with the GDR

When did discussions which would eventually lead to the Helsinki Accords begin?

1972

How many states participated in the Helsinki Accords?

35

Which 35 states participated in the Helsinki Accords?

All of Europe (except Albania) and the USA and Canada

What did each state at the Helsinki Accords have?

The power of veto

How long did the work of the Helsinki Conference itself last?

2 years

What were the main agreements of the Helsinki Accords divided into?

Baskets

How many baskets were there in the Helsinki Accords?

3

What was in the 1st Basket of the Helsinki Accords?

10 principles to be applied to inter-state relations, as well as all signatories being obliged to provide advance notification of large military exercises in order to reinforce mutual confidence

What was in Basket II of the Helsinki Accords?

Trade and industrial cooperation, transportation, science and technology, the promotion of tourism, the environment, and issues concerning migrant labour

What was in Basket III of the Helsinki Accords?

Focused on cultural and educational exchange, as well as the wider issue of contacts among peoples. Also sought to encourage freer movement of people, information and ideas

Were the Helsinki Accords seen as the last step in European detente?

No, there were plans for followup meetings, with the first planned for Belgrade in 1977

What was the CSCE?

The conference which agreed upon the Helsinki Accords

What were the Soviets' main 3 interests in the CSCE?

1. Expand Ostpolitik and develop wider acceptance of the status quo in Central and Eastern Europe

2. Decrease barriers between states in order to increase economic activity and trade

3. Further the process of East-West detente

What led the Soviets to accept the provisions in the Helsinki Accords about military exercises?

Their commitment to the wider aim of promoting East-West detente

What part of the Helsinki Accords were the Soviets less interested in?

The human rights agreements

What was the USSR concerned about with regards to the Helsinki Accords?

External interference in the internal affairs of the USSR and Eastern Europe

What reservations did the USA have about the Helsinki Accords?

1. They seemed to recognise the political status quo in Eastern Europe, which the USA was not prepared to accept