UNIT 2 APHG

Demography

The study and science of structure, distribution, and change in populations. There are formulas for calculating changes in populations by age; also, birth rates, death rates, etc. Population trends are significant to focus on effective planning and policy decisions in many areas of work across many industries and service sectors.

RNI

the Rate of Natural Increase and is key to understanding population growth. It represents the difference between births and deaths in a specified area, and allows demographers, planners, and numerous groups to further utilize understanding population dynamics that meet their future needs.

CBR

Also known as crude birth rate (the number of births (live) average for 1000 people in one year, or your 12

Infant mortality

Measures the number of deaths of children within their first year of life, of which the incidence of death is highest in the poorest countries of the world. Complications at delivery, infections, malnutrition, and accidents are the main causes of death among children in poor countries, with younger children carrying the greatest risk of dying.

Emigration

Involves leaving one's home country, or moving to a new country, either temporarily or permanently, i.e., the opposite of Immigration. In the Philippines emigration has in recent decades diluted the countries working age population as millions of Filipino young adults have opted to work for many years outside of the home as they make significantly better wages to also provide support to children or elderly relatives at home which means that many cities and towns in the Philippines see are more likely to experience very young and elderly residents with formidable frustrating missing parts of the working

Immigration

The antonym of Emigration is that foreign people come to the host nations. It is important for the benefits of economic growth, for the acknowledgment of demographic issues like aging populations, and for cultural exchange and diversity.

CDR

Also called the Crude Death Rate, is the calculation equivalent to the Crude Birth Rate. The equation to measure it is (# of deaths each year / total population) x 1000. When developing nations are coupled with very poor healthcare systems, chronic food shortages, and limited sanitary measures, the death rates are high, making life expectancy low. Even though Somalia has a high birth rate, the infant mortality or crude mortality rate of children from birth to five years of age is 85/1,000, so even if the average Somali woman gives birth seven times in her lifetime, less than 50% of her children will reach 5 years of age.

Demographic Equation

Takes into account natural change, the rates of births and deaths, and migration, or the rates of immigration and emigration, to understand the change of population over time, like past, present, and future. Migration and RNIs are critical aspects of this, and as such, provide the thinking structure for addressing and forecasting future population changes.

Migration

It is the shifting of a person from one place of residence to another. Migration birth rates contribute to the overall fertility rates of the host country. After RNI, it is an essential component in demographics.

Negative net migration

Bolivia is an example of this, as it is very unlikely that the theoretical doubling time of Bolivia's population will happen, meaning that there are a large number of Bolivians emigrating to other countries, and Bolivia receives little in terms of immigration from other countries. NMR, Net migration rate = (# of immigrants minus # of emigrants) / (total population / 1,000). Guynana is another example of negative net migration as its many citizens are pursuing their higher education or employment abroad (NMR = negative 32, birth rate 16, and death rate 7).

Negative RNI

Short for Rate of Natural Increase, and refers to the calculations made that assist in measuring population increase. The RNI equation is simple: RNI = (birth rate minus death rate) / 10 and represents a percentage that represents the nation's rate of natural increase in a given year. The negative RNI that countries like Italy and Japan experience reveals the troublesome nature of determining how a nation can have a population if death rates exceed birth rates; thus, negative RNIs become a reality. Negative RNIs can occur for several social, political, and economic reasons. Portugal and Spain, for example, their respective economic depressions have produced lower RNIs in both nations. And in a case like Ukraine, their RNI is increasingly likely to be negative as childbirth is delayed due to fears of repression or violence.

TFR

The Total Fertility Rate and how we calculate population growth, as it is the average number of children born to each woman of childbearing age (15 to 45) in her lifetime, and ends up being a good approximation of likely fertility over a period encompassing almost three decades of a woman's life. The replacement rate is based on the TFR, as the replacement rate must be 2.1 children per woman, the average woman must have two children over her reproductive lifespan if her nation is to replace its population to what it is. Low TFR countries include Japan, Spain, Portugal, Greece, and South Korea.

DTM

a method employed by demographers, geographers, and sociologists for mapping the transitions societies undergo to pass through four stages of technological and economic development. It is presented in the form of a chart, which has the stages of development on the x axis and birth rate, death rate, and population growth rate plotted on the y axis.

DTM Stage One

Societies functioned in a hunter gatherer context without large scale agriculture; populations were low with high birth rates and high death rates. North American and Western European societies transitioned through this stage of societal advancement from prehistoric origins about 5,000 years ago.

DTM Stage Two

As societies became sedentary with agriculture characterized by seasonal harvests and livestock, mortality rates dropped rapidly while birth rates remained constant. This stage began around 1500 CE with advances in agriculture, marking the beginning of the early modern period.

DTM Stage Three

Mass production and mechanized labor become the dominant form of enterprise. Death rates are high and birth rates begin to decline. This is what happened in western nations during the Industrial Revolution, with the advent of factories, shipyards, and railroads transforming production and travel.

DTM Stage Four

Postindustrial society characterized by services becoming the primary driver of the economy. Birth and death rates are low and stabilize the population. By 2000, nearly every developed country had reached DTM stage 4 as service based technology jobs had shifted manufacturing jobs.

S

shaped Curve

ETM

The Epidemiological Transition Model can also be applied after the DTM because it analyzes changes in decline in diseases in correlation to advances in health, diseases, and medical equivalents while also including the effect of birth/death rates. It analyzes how people living a healthier lifestyle, diet and advances in medicine correspond with their delegated patterns of mortality and longevity since it was documented that in 1900, tuberculosis was one top leading cause of death for Americans, by 2000, the fatalities are predominantly characterized as cardiovascular diseases, diabetes complications and cancer as leading diseases impacted by significant epidemiological changes observed through antibiotics and vaccinations.

NICs

Newly Industrialized Countries (NICs) can be thought of as territories that are physically moving out of agrarian society, appearing more urbanized, and most importantly entering a period of mass production. Great Britain and the United States were NICs in the early 1800s, whereas Brazil and Mexico are NICs today as they forge ahead in industrializing and developing service based economies.

MDCs

More Developed Countries are rich, technology advanced countries; so today Great Britain and the United States.

Carrying Capacity

Maximum number of people that can be supported sustainably in an environment based on available resources, technology, and lifestyle standards. When a population's size exceeds its carrying capacity, resources are degraded and depleted that may lead to environmental degradation and later potential population reduction through increased mortality or emigration. When the plateau is reached, the carrying capacity in an environment is met and population stability is achieved.

Hunter-gather

Stage 1 societies that rely on men for hunting and women for gathering fruits, nuts, and eggs seasonally to feed a small kinship group. Modern examples are the Bushmen of the Kalahari Desert, the Pirahã of Amazon River in Brazil, the Sentinelese of the Andaman Islands, and Papua New Guinea which has the world's largest hunter-gatherer population.

Kinship Bands

Small prehistoric groups of 20 to 40 people related by blood or marriage with high birth and death rates, with polygamous practices, and with children viewed as an asset.

Subsistence Farming

The stage 1 practice of growing just enough crops for consumption within small groups, usually combined with some small scale pastoralism (herding and keeping a few animals just to eat their milk, a little meat and skins).

Primate City

A nation's primary city (e.g. Accra, Ghana) that serves as the leading population center, cultural center, and governmental center with no other city that has even a decent range of competing cities.

Industrial Revolution

Stage 3, the Industrial Revolution, took place from the late 19th century to the mid 20th century in which mechanization replaced hand labor, and machinery enabled mass production in one place. And then the process spread to populated countries (Taiwan, Korea, India, and China) as developed countries outsourced their manufacturing jobs.

Joseph Bazalgette

The engineer responsible for London's sewage tunnel system concluded in 1870, which served as the prototype for systems of hygiene infrastructure resulting in a network of tunnels still used by rapidly growing cities worldwide.

Otto Von Bismarck

The German leader established the world's first all inclusive social insurance system in the 1880s providing health care and pensions that protected workers from illness or injury.

One Child Policy

China prohibited women from bearing more than one child and reflected the Stage 3 to 4 preference for smaller families due to higher costs of child raising and the reduced necessity of farm labor to support their families.

Gender Imbalance

The gender imbalance in China was the result of the "one child policy" program and the way female infants were aborted or abandoned because of cultural preferences for male children.

Zero Population Growth

A condition faced by nations at Stage 4 where the Rate of National Increase (RNI) is 0% or grows in the negative percentage annually because of future demographic trends based on an aging population or low birth rates.

Thomas Malthus

An economist born in the late 18th century who argued in An Essay on the Principle of Population that human population grows exponentially and food production grows arithmetically. He claimed that societies would experience starvation and eventually collapse once population growth outstripped their ability to produce food.

J-curve

A chart indicating exponential growth of a population (population + population²) that initially rises slowly, but eventually rises steeply upwards. Malthus predicted that at this point, when a rapidly growing population curve began to intersect with an ever-increasing linear food production line, society would inevitably become condemned to famine due to the inability of the food supply to contain, or keep pace, with the rapidly growing population.

Neo-Malthusians

Today’s Malthusians that are concerned about population growing faster than resources. Their focus tends to be on sustainability concerns, increasing per capita consumption demands, and depletion of natural resources. They warn of collapse scenarios when the population outgrows the carrying capacity of the Earth.

Population Pyramids

Graphs which illustrate the demographic structure of a population by age and sex at a point in time. The vertical axis indicates age groups in five year brackets and the horizontal axis splits where zero is, males to the left, and females to the right. Bars extend outwards showing population size for each age sex category, which creates a shape and pattern showing demographic changes, for example; growth curves and generations of size.

Population Pyramid extended triangle

Shape associated with newly industrializing countries, that narrows towards the bottom with declining birth rates typical of stage 2 to 3 development, wider towards the middle and upper levels due to improved healthcare, and ultimately produces a triangle shape less pronounced than that of developing countries.

Population Pyramid inverted pyramid

Shape that characterizes a society with negative population growth that consists of larger age brackets in older populations above and lower brackets of infants, children, and adolescents, indicating birth rates are declining and the population is aging.

Population Pyramid rectangular formation

Characteristic of countries such as the US where declining birth rates are offset by immigration forming a rectangular shape and producing a relatively even population distribution across the various age and other brackets instead of a pyramid shape, when population growth is maintained primarily from migration and despite lower natural increase.

Arithmetic Density

Population per square unit of land area (square mile or square kilometer). Density is high where fertile soil and a good water source exists because more people can be supported in those areas. Is it dependent on physical geography and how much resource availability there is.

Arable Land

Farmable land controls where populations can settle. The desert in Egypt prevents any settlements outside of the Nile Valley, creating an overcrowded city like Cairo while the rest of the land remains sparsely populated. It has historically determined where populations settle and the center for technologies developed.

Population Center

Major population centers form from physical and economic advantages of geography. The element that made London Britain's industrial base was its location in relation to the Thames River and its capital city status. Population concentrations can be discovered in examining the spatial patterns of a country's population distribution.

Centroid

The population center of a nation is not the same as its geographic centroid. The centroid is simply the physical center of the land of a country no matter what the population density is. For example, the centroid of Australia is in the sparsely populated Outback desert.

Ecumene

The portion of Earth's surface with people living on it. The livable parts of Earth are running out of resources. California is an example: 39 million people inhabit the coast while a large portion of California is desert, producing water shortage problems and increasing the price of water