Earth Science

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Geosphere

It is composed of naturally-occurring solid aggregate of minerals, organic material or natural glass called rocks, and loose particles of rocks called regolith.

Hydrosphere

All the water at and near the surface of the earth, 97% of which is in oceans

Atmosphere

A mixture of gases that envelops the earth.

Biosphere

Consists of all life on Earth and all parts of the Earth in which life exists, including land, water, and the atmosphere.

Cryosphere

Permanently frozen part of the hydrosphere

Rock

naturally-occurring solid aggregate of minerals, organic material or natural glass called

Regolith

loose particles of rocks

Mineral

defined as a naturally-occurring, inorganic solid with a definite chemical composition and an ordered internal structure

naturally occurring

formed by natural processes

Inorganic

coal are not considered minerals due to them being formed from organic material

solid

naturally occurring substances like petroleum or natural gases aren't minerals because of this characteristic

definite chemical composition

The chemical composition of minerals should express the exact chemical formula with the elements and compounds in specific ratios

ordered internal structure

The atoms in minerals are organized in regular, repetitive geometric patterns or crystal structure.

Mineraloid

a substance that passes all but one characteristic of mineral. Examples are opal, pearl, obsidian & amber

Silicates

composed primarily of silicon-oxygen tetrahedrons (SiO42-). _____ are the major rock-forming minerals, including olivine and Quartz.

Oxides

consist of metal cations bonded to oxygen anions. Common minerals includes magnetite and hematite.

Sulfides

consist of metal cation bonded to ion S^2-.Examples of this are galena and pyrite.

Sulfates

consist of a metal cation bonded to the SO^2-₄ anionic group. An example of this is gypsum

Halides

are composed of a halogen ion such as chlorine or fluorine, which forms halite or rock salt and fluorite

Carbonates

are characterized by the presence of carbonic ion(CO32-) which bonds elements such as calcium or magnesium to form calcite or dolomite.

Native Metals

consist of single metals like copper or gold

Isometric

Three axes, all of equal length

Tetragonal

Three axes, the height axis is unequal to the width and length axes

Orthorhombic

Three axes, but all are unequal to each other

Monoclinic

Three axes, all are unequal in length, and two are perpendicular to each otherF

Triclinic

Three axes, all are unequal in length, but none are perpendicular to each other

Hexagonal

Four axes, three are of equal length, the fourth axis is perpendicular to the plane of the other three axes.

Rhombohedral or Trigonal

All three axes are of equal length, and none of the axes is perpendicular to another, but the crystal faces all have the same size and shape

crystal form

minerals form a definite structure which crystallizes into specific form.

habit

outward appearance of the mineral's crystal form

Cleavage

The tendency of a mineral to break along planes of weakness

Conchoidal Fracture

Curved, smooth fracture caused by a poor cleavage

Dana Classification

Systematic method of identifying minerals using their physical properties

Mohs Scale of Hardness

a scale to measure hardness of minerals (1-10). Softest is Talc, hardest is diamond.

Luster

appearance of light as reflected of a mineral's surface

Color

not a reliable feature for identifying minerals because it can be altered by chemical impurities within it's structure.

Streak

color of a mineral in it's powdered form

Quartz

colorless mineral but slight impurities within it's structure can produce a variety of colors.

Hardness

measurement of the strength of chemical bonds in it's structure.

Density

the degree of compactness of a substance.

Specific Gravity

the measure of the density of a mineral

Rock Cycle

Magma-->Igneous Rocks-->Sediments-->Sedimentary Rocks-->Metamorphic Rocks-->Repeat

Magma

molten rock that becomes lava when it goes to the overground

Igneous rock

a type of rock that forms from the cooling of molten rock at or below the surface. The most common type of rock on earth.

Sediments

Loose materials formed from weathering & erosion of uplifted igneous rock

Sedimentary Rock

formed from sediment compaction

Metamorphic Rock

formed when rocks are subjected to high heat, high pressure, hot mineral-rich fluids