LAB SKELETAL SYSTEM

Chondrocranium

(SKULL)

• is the original cartilaginous brain case, which later ossifies into cartilage bone

  (neurocranium).

Dermatocranium,

(SKULL)

• dermal bones which later become attached to the surface of the

  chondrocranium.

Splanchnocranium

(SKULL)

• (visceral skeleton) is composed endoskeletal arches that support the gills, but

  later develop as part of the braincase.

Premaxilla

(SKULL) (AMPHIBIAN (FROG) )

• anterior most bone, which is paired and assumes a V-shaped.

Maxilla

(SKULL) (AMPHIBIAN (FROG) )

• V-shaped elongated bone with teeth that borders the edges of the skull.

Nasals

(SKULL) (AMPHIBIAN (FROG) )

• fused bone posterior to the premaxillae and triangular-shaped.

Sphenoethmoid

(SKULL) (AMPHIBIAN (FROG) )

• frontal part of the braincase, which is hardly visible dorsally except for a

  small circular area at the junction between the paired nasals and fronto-parietals.

Fronto-parietals

(SKULL) (AMPHIBIAN (FROG) )

• paired elongated flat bones posterior to the nasals, flanked behind by the

  otic capsules

Prootic bone

(SKULL) (AMPHIBIAN (FROG) )

• located lateral to the posterior of the fronto-parietals.

Squamosals

(SKULL) (AMPHIBIAN (FROG) )

• hammer-shaped bones forming the posterior wall of the orbit. Its posterior tip

  lies attached to the posterior end of the upper jaw.

Foramen magnum

(SKULL) (AMPHIBIAN (FROG) )

• posterior opening located at the occipital region where the spinal cord

  exits from the skull.

Occipitalis

(SKULL) (AMPHIBIAN (FROG) )

• a single, posterior bone that borders the formen magnum and contains a pair of processes, the OCCIPITAL CONDYLE.

Vomer

(SKULL) (AMPHIBIAN (FROG) )

• centrally located forming the floor of the nasal capsules and bears the VOMERINE

  TEETH

Parasphenoid

(SKULL) (AMPHIBIAN (FROG) )

• dagger-shaped bone, ventral to the fronto-parietals, which forms the floor of

  the cranium.

Palatine

(SKULL) (AMPHIBIAN (FROG) )

• paired triangular bone originating from the maxilla tapering medially and

  terminating at the tip of the parasphenoid.

Pterygoid

(SKULL) (AMPHIBIAN (FROG) )

• ventral counterpart of squamosal bone; originates from the prootic and divides

  into two rays projecting anteriorly and posteriorly.

Mento-meckelian

(SKULL) (AMPHIBIAN (FROG) ) (lower jaw)

• located in the anterior most region, an ossified portion of the meckel’s

  cartilage.

Dentary

(SKULL) (AMPHIBIAN (FROG) ) (lower jaw)

• bone flanking the Mento-meckelian; note the absence of teeth.

Angulo-splenial

(SKULL) (AMPHIBIAN (FROG) ) (lower jaw)

• posterior most region of the lower jaw endowed with a slight protruberance

  on its end for articulation with the upper jaw.

Chelonian skull

(SKULL) REPTILE (TURTLE)

• remarkably solid in built

Bones of the maxillary arch

(SKULL) REPTILE (TURTLE)

• PREMAXILLA and MAXILLA

Roofing bones:

(SKULL) REPTILE (TURTLE)

• NASAL, FRONTAL and PARIETAL

Cheek bones

(SKULL) REPTILE (TURTLE)

• QUAMOSAL and QUADRATOJUGAL

Occipital bones

(SKULL) REPTILE (TURTLE)

• BASIOCCIPITAL and SUPRAOCCIPITAL

Aves (CHICKEN)

(SKULL)

Lightly built and lacks sutures as a result of fusion of elements.

2. Large ORBIT and expanded braincase

3. Elongated nasal region produced into a beak large elongated external nares

4. Reduction of the lateral and ventral elements into splinters

5. Single median OCCIPITAL CONDYLE

Alary processes

(HYIOD) AMPHIBIANS (FROG)

• paired, flap-like cartilaginous processes on each side of the main body

Anterior horns/cornua

(HYIOD) AMPHIBIANS (FROG)

• paired, slender cartilage directed upward and attached to the body of

  the hyoid.

Posterior hors/cornua

(HYIOD) AMPHIBIANS (FROG)

• paired and attached to the anterior horn, directed downward

Thyroid process

(HYIOD) AMPHIBIANS (FROG)

• paired, attached posteriorly to the body of the hyoid and considered as the only

  ossified part.

anterior horn and posterior horn

(HYIOD) REPTILE (TURTLE)

• are attached to the main body of the hyoid.

Anterior horn/cornu

(HYOID) AVES (CHICKEN)

• arrow-head shaped, consists of two pieces,

Entoglossal cartilage

(HYOID) AVES (CHICKEN)

• the anterior, pointed tip.

Fused ceratohyal

(HYOID) AVES (CHICKEN)

• the median bar

Posterior horn/cornu

(HYOID) AVES (CHICKEN)

• consists of the following:

  Ceratobranchial

  Epibranchial

  Cartilaginous process

Ceratobranchial

(HYOID) AVES (CHICKEN)

• is attached to the first basibranchial.

Epibranchial

(HYOID) AVES (CHICKEN)

• is attached to the ceratobranchial.

Cartilaginous process

(HYOID) AVES (CHICKEN)

• the terminal end attached to the epibranchial.

Cervical

(VERTEBRAL COLUMN AND RIBS) FROG

• first vertebra; has paired concavities and lacks transverse processes. This is also referred as the Atlas.

Trunk

(VERTEBRAL COLUMN AND RIBS) FROG

• 2nd to 8th vertebrae that are equipped individually with pre- and postzygapophyses anteriorly and posterioly respectively and transverse processes laterally. Neural spines emerge from its body dorsally.

pre-and postzygapophyses

(VERTEBRAL COLUMN AND RIBS) FROG

• small processes on the cranial and caudal margins of eh neural arch, respectively.

Sacral

(VERTEBRAL COLUMN AND RIBS) FROG

• 9th vertebra, with split centrum and lacks postzygapophyses. Observe the strong large transverse processes.

Caudal

(VERTEBRAL COLUMN AND RIBS) FROG

• 10th vertebra, also known as UROSTYLE. This is eleongated and contain a keel (CARINA) on its dorsal surface.

Cervical vertebrae of turtle

(VERTEBRAL COLUMN AND RIBS) TURTLE

• composed of eight vertebrae that vary in centrum ends. These variations may be observed if separate cervical vertebrae are available. The first two cervical are differentiated into ATLAS and AXIS

Thoracic vertebra of turtle

(VERTEBRAL COLUMN AND RIBS) TURTLE

• consists of a single head, the Capitulum, articulating at or near the boundary between successive centra. Notice that these ribs of the trunk vertebrae are expanded and fused to the inner surface of the costal plates of the carapace

Sacrum

(VERTEBRAL COLUMN AND RIBS) TURTLE

• made up of two sacral vertebrae bearing sacral ribs. Observe that the first caudal vertebra is fused to this structure.

Caudal vertebrae

(VERTEBRAL COLUMN AND RIBS) TURTLE

• contains neural and haemal arches. Most anterior of the transverse processes serve as ribs, as shown by the suture at their bases.

Atlas

(VERTEBRAL COLUMN AND RIBS) CHICKEN

• the 1st, small and ring-like bone of the vertebral column, which bears much of the weight of the skull.

Axis

(VERTEBRAL COLUMN AND RIBS) CHICKEN

• the vertebra immediately posterior the atlas. Anteriorly, this bone bears a process called the ODONTOID PROCESS that articulates with the atlas.

ODONTOID PROCESS

(VERTEBRAL COLUMN AND RIBS) CHICKEN

Process that articulates with the atlas

Thoracic vertebra of chicken

(VERTEBRAL COLUMN AND RIBS) CHICKEN

• articulating with the chest region, this axial bone has prominent transverse processes, and high neural spines.

Ribs

(VERTEBRAL COLUMN AND RIBS) CHICKEN

• attached to the thoracic vertebra that reach the ventral side, divided into:

  • Vertebral rib

  • Sternal rib

Vertebral rib

(VERTEBRAL COLUMN AND RIBS) CHICKEN

• bears a posteriorly directed uncinate process.

Sternal rib

(VERTEBRAL COLUMN AND RIBS) CHICKEN

• reaches into the sternum of the chicken.

upper and lower tuberculum

(VERTEBRAL COLUMN AND RIBS) CHICKEN

• articulates with the diapophyses of the vertebra

lower, short capitulum

(VERTEBRAL COLUMN AND RIBS) CHICKEN

• articulates with the parapophyses of the vertebra

Neck

(VERTEBRAL COLUMN AND RIBS) CHICKEN

• The distance between the two heads of the rib

Synsacrum

(VERTEBRAL COLUMN AND RIBS) CHICKEN

• longitudinal in shape formed by the fusion of the last thoracic, lumbar, sacral, and the first few caudal vertebrae separated from the hip bone by a suture.

Pygostyle

(VERTEBRAL COLUMN AND RIBS) CHICKEN

• an enlarged piece of caudal vertebra formed by the fusion of several terminal pieces.

Episternum

(STERNUM) FROG

• a broad cartilage with a notch behind to which the adjacent bone first.

Omosternum

(STERNUM) FROG

• an inverted y-shaped bone, with its two arms braced against the paired clavicle

Mesosternum

(STERNUM) FROG

• a slender bone between the coracoids at its anterior tip.

Xiphisternum

(STERNUM) FROG

• a large squarish cartilage attached to the mesosternum.

Keel or Carina

(STERNUM) CHICKEN

• a cartilaginous, median ventral projection, which is triangular in shape.

Costal processes

(STERNUM) CHICKEN

• short processes situated on the anterior end

Xiphisternal process

(STERNUM) CHICKEN

• a pair of long processes on each side.

Epicoracoid

(PECTORAL GIRDLE) FROG

• median cartilage

Suprascapula

(PECTORAL GIRDLE) FROG

• large cartilage lying on the dorsal side of the trunk

Scapula of frog

(PECTORAL GIRDLE) FROG

• an irregular bone with a projection on its anteromedial border, known as the ACROMION PROCESS, and a concavity behind.

Coracoid

(PECTORAL GIRDLE) FROG

• an irregular bone shape like an hourglass; its medial border touches the epicoracoid and its lateral border forms a concavity which, together with its scapular counterpart, is known as GLENOID FOSSA.

Precoracoid

(PECTORAL GIRDLE) TURTLE

• ventrally located with an expanded end.

Scapula of Turtle

(PECTORAL GIRDLE) TURTLE

• dorsally elongating reaching the carapace.

Prescapular process

(PECTORAL GIRDLE) TURTLE

• paddle-shaped, anteriorly projecting from the scapula.

Glenoid fossa

(PECTORAL GIRDLE) TURTLE

• a cup-shaped depression on the lateral side of the girdle.

Scapula of chicken

(PECTORAL GIRDLE) CHICKEN

• long, swordlike bone lying above the ribs

Precoracoid of chicken

(PECTORAL GIRDLE) CHICKEN

• a stout bone teaching the sternum and articulates with the glenoid fossa together with the scapula.

Furcula

(PECTORAL GIRDLE) CHICKEN

• known as the y-shape wishbone which consists of the CLAVICLE (the forked bones) and INTERCLAVICLE (fused, median piece).

Glenoid fossa of chicken

(PECTORAL GIRDLE) CHICKEN

• a depression, formed by the contribution of the precoracoid and scapula.

Ilium of frog

(PELVIC GIRDLE) FROG

• an elongated bone and most dorsal in position; its anterior end articulated to the transverse process of the sacral vertebra.

Pubis of frog

(PELVIC GIRDLE) FROG

• triangular bone wedged between the ilium and the next bone.

Ischium of frog

(PELVIC GIRDLE) FROG

• considerably large and serves as attachment for muscles of the buttocks

PUBOISCHAIC SYMPHYSIS

(PELVIC GIRDLE) FROG

Ischium. Ilium, and Pubis is fused together at a suture-like symphysis known as

ACETABULUM.

(PELVIC GIRDLE) FROG

• cup shaped cavity that receives the bone from the femur, where Ishium. Ilium and Pubis converge

Ilia

(PELVIC GIRDLE) Turtle

• pair of dorsal bones that articulate dorsally with the two sacral ribs

Pubes

(PELVIC GIRDLE) Turtle

• a pair of anterior ventral bones.

Epipubic cartilage

(PELVIC GIRDLE) Turtle

• a cartilage extending anteriorly from the pubic symphysis

Prepubic or Pectineal process

(PELVIC GIRDLE) Turtle

• a pair of laterally prominent projections that are directed anteriorly.

Ischia

(PELVIC GIRDLE) Turtle

• a pair of posterior ventral bones.

Obturator foramen

(PELVIC GIRDLE) Turtle

• a large opening on each side of the girdle between the ischium and pubis.

Acetabulum

(PELVIC GIRDLE) Turtle

• a cup-shaped depression formed by the contribution of the ilium, pubis and ischium.

Ilium of chicken

(PELVIC GIRDLE) chicken

• largest and most dorsal among the three. It is concave in front and convex behind and fused to the synsacrum extending from the thoracic to the tail region.

Ischium of chicken

(PELVIC GIRDLE) chicken

• below the ilium, making the lower half of the innominate bone. It is separated from the former by the ILIOISCHAIC FORAMEN.

Pubis of chicken

(PELVIC GIRDLE) chicken

• long, slender bone bordering the ischium from which it is separated by the slit-like OBTURATOR FORAMEN.

Acetabulum of chicken

(PELVIC GIRDLE) chicken

• a cup-shaped depression formed by the contribution of the ilium, ischium and pubis.

Pectineal process

(PELVIC GIRDLE) chicken

• an anterior projection of the pubis, in front of the acetabulum.

Humerus of frog

(FORELIMBS) Frog

• upper arm, bone, with a process on its medial border, the DELTOID RIDGE.

Radio-ulna

(FORELIMBS) Frog

• forearm bone, made up of a fusion of two bones, otherwise separate in higher forms. The preaxial element being the RADIAL, and the postaxial being the ULNAR. The latter bears a short projection on its proximal end, the OLECRANON PROCESS

Carpals of frog

(FORELIMBS) Frog

• short wrist bones forming two rows.

Metacarpals of frog

(FORELIMBS) Frog

• single row of elongated palm bones.

Phalanges of frog

(FORELIMBS) Frog

• most distal among the series of row bones corresponding to the digits

Humerus of turtle

(FORELIMBS) Turtle

• the most anterior bone of the upper arm, with a slit-like opening on its distal end.