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Post-transcriptional regulation
The regulation that occurs after transcription initiation and before protein production.
Transcriptional attenuation
A regulation that involves terminating mRNA synthesis before genes are transcribed.
Ribonucleases (RNases)
Enzymes that degrade mRNAs, influencing mRNA stability and half-life.
Ribosome Binding Site (RBS)
A sequence in mRNA where the ribosome attaches to initiate translation.
sRNAs (small RNAs)
Noncoding regulatory RNAs that affect gene expression by base-pairing with target mRNAs.
Hfq
An RNA chaperone essential for mediating the interaction between sRNAs and target mRNAs.
Riboswitches
Ligand-binding RNAs that change structure upon binding a small molecule, regulating gene expression.
Aptamer
An RNA domain in a riboswitch that binds a ligand, affecting mRNA structure and function.
Feedback inhibition
A regulatory mechanism where an end product inhibits an enzyme in the biosynthetic pathway.
Proteases
Enzymes that degrade proteins, recycling building blocks and regulating protein levels.
Post-translational modifications
Chemical alterations of a protein after translation that can change its activity.
Stem-loop structures
RNA structures that can sequester the RBS, blocking translation.
Transcriptional terminator
A sequence that stops transcription, potentially affecting downstream gene expression.
mRNA half-life
The duration before mRNA is degraded, influencing protein production amounts.
Regulatory proteins/RNAs
Molecules that can bind to mRNA, impacting its stability and function.
Intrinsic transcriptional terminators
Sequences that enable RNA polymerase to terminate transcription without assistance from proteins.