APWH all units review

When does unit 1 take place?

1200-1450

Big Picture of Unit 1?

Civilizations grow, religions spread, technology: gun powder, paper, Decline: small states, local religion, old technology

Main theme of Unit 1?

State-Building

What was the Song-Dynasty considered?

The golden age

Important things in Song-Dynasty

gunpowder, grand canal, champa rice,

Importance of the revival of confucianism?

its teaching outlined how a society should be organized

Civil Service Examination

Exams that Chinese bureaucrats passed to serve in state, based on Confucian concepts, Han origins.

Effects of Civil Service exam?

Transformed the government into a meritocracy

What new Muslim states emerged in the Abbasid Caliphate?

Delhi Sultanate (India)

Mamluk Sultanate (North Africa)

What states grew and expanded through trade?

Vijayanagar empire, Chola Kingdom (South Asia)

Mali Empire (North Africa)

Effects of centralizing power in Mali?

Gaining a tremendous amount of wealth

Aztecs

ruled remotely, used a tribute system

Tribute system (Aztecs)

a tribute conquered people had to pay for the privilege of remaining conquered, goods or services, enforced through military

Mita System (Inca)

mandatory public service in the society of the Inca Empire

Feudalism (Europe)

Political system in which land is exchanged for protection.

1. King (no real power; only figurehead)

2. Lords (receive a fief from the king)

3. Vassals (lesser lords)

4. Knights (warrior class)

5. Serfs (provided free labor)

Effects of Islam

create a system of shared beliefs which united people throughout afro-eurasia

Effects of Confucianism

Heavenly Mandate: justify rule over the people

Civil Service Examinations mostly Confucianism

Effects of Hinduism/Buddhism

S/SE Asia: Rulers consolidate power

Hinduism: Caste system

Effects of Roman Catholicism

Catholic Church: organized society apart from the state

France and Holy Roman Empire

two political states that emerged

Muslim invasion of Northern India

established the Delhi Sultanate

converted 25% of population to Islam

Jizya

Poll tax that non-Muslims had to pay when living within a Muslim empire

Effects of paper making

increased literacy throughout Europe and S/SE Asia promoting medicine and mathematics

House of Wisdom

An academic center for research and translation of foreign texts that was established in Baghdad in 830 C.E. by the Abbasid caliph al-Mamun.

Mongols

Central Asian nomadic peoples that facilitated trade, the spread of cross-cultural interaction, and technology on the Silk Roads

Major Trade Routes

Silk Roads, Indian Ocean, Trans-Saharan Dessert

magnetic compass

Chinese invention that aided navigation by showing which direction was north

Lateen Sail

triangular sail that made it possible to sail against the wind; used in the Indian Ocean trade

Stern-post rudder

invented by the chinese - at the back of the ship in the center - helps with steering

Major Trading Cities

Chang'an (Silk Roads)

Calicut - India , Srivijiya - SE Asia(Indian Ocean)

Timbuktu - Mali (Trans-Saharan)

Silk Road goods

silk, porcelain, gunpowder, horses, textiles

Indian Ocean goods

gold, ivory, fruit, textiles, pepper, rice

Trans-Saharan goods

horses, salt, gold, slaves

Silk Road technology

saddles, caravanserai

Trans-Saharan technology

saddles

Indian Ocean technology

astrolabe, compass, sternpost rudder, lateen sail

Silk Roads Religions

Buddhism: S--> SE Asia

Neoconfucianism: China, Japan, India, Vietnam

Islam: SW Asia --> S Asia

Indian Ocean Religions

Christianity, Buddhism, Neoconfucianism, Islam

Trans-Saharan Religions

Islam

Zen Buddhism

Known as Chan Buddhism in China; stressed meditation and the appreciation of natural and artistic beauty

Ibn Battuta

Moroccan Muslim scholar, the most widely traveled individual of his time. He wrote a detailed account of his visits to Islamic lands from China to Spain and the western Sudan.

Marco Polo

Italian traveler, served Kublai Khan for certain time

Black Death

Started from China to Afro-Eurasia

A deadly plague that swept through Europe between 1347 and 1351

Mongols

established the largest land-based empire, united by Genghis Khan, reputation for brutality

1450-1750

Major Empires

Manchu - Qing Dynasty

South/Central Asia - Mughal

Southern EU, Middle East, North Africa - Ottoman

Middle East - Safavid

How did the Qing consolidate power?

Reintroducing the civil service exams, leaders would both believe/think the same things

How did the Ottoman consolidate power?

Devshirme: enslaved poor Christian boys from southern Europe and the Balkans - forced to serve in military and bureaucracy

Janissaries

Christian boys taken from families, converted to Islam, and then rigorously trained to serve the sultan

How did the Aztecs consolidate power?

Tribute system: tribute states pay tribute to their conquerors

Mughal Zamindars

Archaic tax system of the Mughal empire where decentralized lords collected tribute for the emperor.

Ottoman Tax Farming

collect certain amount of tax

How did the Aztecs collect "taxes"

had tribute lists that outlines the kinds of goods they wanted; food, goods, people

Safavid - Ghulam

the Persian version of a Jannissary

Islamic Emperor title - Caliph

successor to Muhammad as political and religious leader of the Muslims

Europe - Doctrine of the Divine Right

the king is God's man on earth - carry out God's will

Protestant Reformation

A religious movement of the 16th century that began as an attempt to reform the Roman Catholic Church and resulted in the creation of Protestant churches.

Ottoman-Safavid Conflict

Fighting between a Sunni Muslim Kingdom and a Shia Muslim Kingdom

Taj Mahal

A beautiful tomb built by the Mughal ruler Shah Jahan to honor his wife.

Palace of Versailles

a palace built in the 17th century for Louis XIV southwest of Paris near the city of Versailles

Fluyt

a Dutch type of sailing vessel originally designed as a dedicated cargo vessel.

Caravel

A small, highly maneuverable three-masted ship used by the Portuguese and Spanish in the exploration of the Atlantic.

Christopher Columbus

He mistakenly discovered the Americas in 1492 while searching for a faster route to India.

Columbian Exchange

Biological exchange of animals, people, food, and diseases between the Eastern and Western hemispheres

Small Pox

Disease spread by Europeans in the Americas. Led to the deaths of millions of Native Americans in North and South America

What foods/animals did Europeans introduce to the Americas?

sugar, horses

What foods/animals did the Americas introduce to Europe

potatoes, maize, guinea pigs

Atlantic Slave Trade

Lasted from 16th century until the 19th century. Trade of African peoples from Western Africa to the Americas. One part of a three-part economical system known as the Middle Passage of the Triangular Trade.

Chattel Slavery

Absolute legal ownership of another person, including the right to buy or sell that person.

Encomienda

A grant of land made by Spain to a settler in the Americas, including the right to use Native Americans as laborers on it

Hacienda

Spanish colonists formed large, self-sufficient farming estates known as these.

Mita System

Incan system for payment of taxes with labor

Indentured Servitude (British)

A worker bound by a voluntary agreement to work for 7 years

Mercantilism

An economic policy under which nations sought to increase their wealth and power by obtaining large amounts of gold and silver and by selling more goods than they bought

joint-stock company (British + Dutch)

A company made up of a group of shareholders. Each shareholder contributes some money to the company and receives some share of the company's profits and debts.

Casta system

Strict social hierarchy structured on racial components, designed to ensure Spanish-European dominance in new Spain

Casta System Hierarchy

1. Peninsulares

2. Criollos

3. Castas

4. Mestizos, Mulattoes, Zambos, Indigenous

Industrial Revolution

A period of rapid growth in the use of machines in manufacturing and production that began in the mid-1700s

Why did the IR start in England?

Lots of raw materials, abundant water = easy transportation, urbanization, British capitalist had lots of money,