Module 2: Pharmacognosy - Part 5 - Lipids

Esters of long-chain fatty acids and alcohols, or of closely related derivatives.

a. Carbohydrates

b. Lipids

c. Proteins

d. Nucleic acids

b. Lipids

Heterogeneous group of compounds (fats, oils, steroids, waxes and related compounds) that are related more by their physical than by their chemical properties.

a. Carbohydrates

b. Lipids

c. Proteins

d. Nucleic acids

b. Lipids

Classes of lipids except:

a. Fixed oils and fats

b. Waxes

c. Sterols

d. Phospholipids (Phosphatides)

e. Glycolipids (Cerebrosides)

f. None

f. None

Long chain fatty acids + glycerol.

a. Fixed oils and fats

b. Waxes

c. Sterols

d. Phospholipids (Phosphatides)

e. Glycolipids (Cerebrosides)

f. None

a. Fixed oils and fats

Long chain fatty acids + HMW alcohol

a. Fixed oils and fats

b. Waxes

c. Sterols

d. Phospholipids (Phosphatides)

e. Glycolipids (Cerebrosides)

b. Waxes

Cetyl alcohol and stearyl alcohol are examples of:

a. Fixed oils and fats

b. Waxes

c. Sterols

d. Phospholipids (Phosphatides)

e. Glycolipids (Cerebrosides)

b. Waxes

Liquid at room temperature.

a. Fixed oils

b. Fats

c. Waxes

a. Fixed oils

Solid at room temperature.

a. Fixed oils

b. Fats

c. Waxes

b. Fats

Can be solid or semisolid.

a. Fixed oils

b. Fats

c. Waxes

c. Waxes

Alcohols containing cyclopentanoperhydrophenanthrene (CPPP) nucleus.

a. Fixed oils and fats

b. Waxes

c. Sterols

d. Phospholipids (Phosphatides)

e. Glycolipids (Cerebrosides)

c. Sterols

The only solid fixed oil (vegetable oils) as it contain more saturated fats.

a. Cod liver oil

b. Theobroma oil

c. Olive oil

d. Coconut oil

e. Jojoba oil

b. Theobroma oil

The only liquid animal oil as it contains more unsaturated fats.

a. Cod liver oil

b. Theobroma oil

c. Olive oil

d. Coconut oil

e. Jojoba oil

a. Cod liver oil

The only liquid wax which resembles spermaceti wax.

a. Cod liver oil

b. Theobroma oil

c. Olive oil

d. Coconut oil

e. Jojoba oil

e. Jojoba oil

Ester consisting of glycerol in combination with fatty acids, phosphoric acid and nitrogenous compounds (Lecithin)

a. Fixed oils and fats

b. Waxes

c. Sterols

d. Phospholipids (Phosphatides)

e. Glycolipids (Cerebrosides)

d. Phospholipids (Phosphatides)

Isolated from the brain which upon hydrolysis, it yield fatty acids, galactose and nitrogenous compounds.

a. Fixed oils and fats

b. Waxes

c. Sterols

d. Phospholipids (Phosphatides)

e. Glycolipids (Cerebrosides)

e. Glycolipids (Cerebrosides)

Nitrogenous compounds of glycolipids.

a. Phrenosin

b. Kerasin

c. Lecithin

d. a and b

e. b and c

f. All

d. a and b - Phrenosin and Kerasin

Nitrogenous compound of phospholipids.

a. Phrenosin

b. Kerasin

c. Lecithin

d. a and b

e. b and c

f. All

c. Lecithin

Can done with the aid of heat or without the aid of heat; can cold pressed oil or hot pressed.

a. Expression

b. Rendering

c. Solvent extraction

a. Expression

Used of both steam and pressure.

a. Expression

b. Rendering

c. Solvent extraction

b. Rendering

The use of nonpolar solvent in order to extract lipids.

a. Expression

b. Rendering

c. Solvent extraction

c. Solvent extraction

Best nonpolar solvent used for extraction of lipids.

a. Pentane

b. Hexane

c. Heptane

d. Benzene

b. Hexane

Hydrogenation of fatty acid.

a. Reducing the FA in the lipids by passing H gas with palladium nickel as the catalyst.

b. Convert cis unsaturated fatty acid to semi solid fat acid (saturated)

c. Byproduct is transfat which can be harmful the heart

d. a and b

e. b and c

f. All

f. All

True about sulfation of lipids.

a. Involve reaction with sulfuric acid at cold temperatures

b. SO4 replaced COOH of FA to make surfactants

c. Both

d. None of these

c. Both

Type of surfactant produced by sulfation of lipids.

a. Anionic

b. Cationic

c. Nonionic

a. Anionic

Short chain fatty acid.

a. 2-4 C

b. 6-12 C

c. 14-20 C

d. 22 or more

a. 2-4 C

Medium chain fatty acid.

a. 2-4 C

b. 6-12 C

c. 14-20 C

d. 22 or more

b. 6-12 C

Long chain fatty acid.

a. 2-4 C

b. 6-12 C

c. 14-20 C

d. 22 or more

c. 14-20 C

Very long chain fatty acid.

a. 2-4 C

b. 6-12 C

c. 14-20 C

d. 22 or more

d. 22 or more

Hyrolyzable lipids.

a. Waxes

b. Triacylglycerols

c. Phospholipids

d. a and b

e. b and c

f. All

f. All

Non-hydrolyzable Lipids

a. Steroids

b. Fat-soluble Vitamins

c. Eicosanoids

d. a and b

e. b and c

f. All

f. All

Plant part that is the usual source of fixed oil.

a. Fruit

b. Stem

c. Leaves

d. Seeds

e. Roots

d. Seeds

Fixed oils, if the expression is carried out in the cold, the oil is known as:

a. Virgin oil

b. Cold-pressed oil

c. Hot-pressed oil

d. a and b

e. b and c

f. All

d. a and b

Animal fats are extracted by steam.

a. True

b. False

a. True

Unsaturated fatty acid except:

a. Linoleic acid

b. Linolenic acid

c. Oleic acid

d. Arachidonic acid

e. None

e. None

Oleic - 18C - 1DB

Linoleic - 18C - 2 DB

Linolenic - 18C - 3 DB

18-C unsaturated fatty acid except:

a. Linoleic acid

b. Linolenic acid

c. Oleic acid

d. Arachidonic acid

e. None

d. Arachidonic acid

20-C unsaturated fatty acid:

a. Linoleic acid

b. Linolenic acid

c. Oleic acid

d. Arachidonic acid

e. None

d. Arachidonic acid - 20C - 4DB

Vitamin F is composed of:

a. Linoleic acid

b. Alpha-Linolenic acid

c. Arachidonic acid

d. a and b

e. b and c

f. All

d. a and b

Which is omega-6 polyunsaturated fatty acid?

a. Linoleic acid

b. Alpha-Linolenic acid

c. Arachidonic acid

d. a and b

e. a and c

f. All

e. a and c

Linoleic acid - 2DB at 9,12

Arachidonic acid - 4DB at 5,8,11,14

Which is omega-3 polyunsaturated fatty acid?

a. Linoleic acid

b. Alpha-Linolenic acid

c. Arachidonic acid

d. a and b

e. a and c

f. All

b. Alpha-Linolenic acid - 3DB at 9,12,15

PUFA with 18C, 2DB at 9,12

a. Linoleic acid

b. Alpha-Linolenic acid

c. Arachidonic acid

a. Linoleic acid

PUFA with 20C, 4DB at 5,8,11,14

a. Linoleic acid

b. Alpha-Linolenic acid

c. Arachidonic acid

c. Arachidonic acid

PUFA with 18C, 3DB at 9,12,15

a. Linoleic acid

b. Alpha-Linolenic acid

c. Arachidonic acid

b. Alpha-Linolenic acid

Precursor of prostaglandin synthesis.

a. Linoleic acid

b. Linolenic acid

c. Oleic acid

d. Arachidonic acid

e. None

d. Arachidonic acid

Precursor for eicosanoids synthesis.

a. Linoleic acid

b. Alpha-Linolenic acid

c. Arachidonic acid

d. a and b

e. a and c

f. All

c. Arachidonic aid

Precursor for eicosapentanoic acid (EPA), and docosahexaenoic acid (DHA) synthesis.

a. Linoleic acid

b. Alpha-Linolenic acid

c. Arachidonic acid

d. a and b

e. a and c

f. All

d. a and b

Linoleic acid

Alpha-Linolenic acid

Omega-3 fatty acid found in cold-water, fatty fish, such as salmon.

a. Eicosapentanoic acid (EPA)

b. Docosahexaenoic acid (DHA)

b. Docosahexaenoic acid (DHA)

Monosaturated fixed oil except:

a. Castor oil

b. Olive oil aka Sweet oil

c. Peanut oil aka Arachis oil

d. Rapeseed oil aka Canola oil

e. None

e. None

Saturated fatty acids except:

Butyric acid

Caproic

Caprylic

Capric

Lauric

Myristic

Palmitic

Stearic

Arachidic

a. Lauric

b. Caproic

c. Myristic

d. Arachidic

e. None

e. None

Butyric acid - 4C

Caproic - 6C

Caprylic - 8C

Capric - 10C

Lauric - 12C

Myristic - 14C

Palmitic - 15C

Stearic - 18C

Arachidic - 20C

20C saturated fatty acid.

a. Arachidic acid

b. Behemic

c. Lignoceric

d. Cerotic

a. Arachidic acid

22C saturated fatty acid.

a. Arachidic acid

b. Behemic

c. Lignoceric

d. Cerotic

b. Behemic

24C saturated fatty acid.

a. Arachidic acid

b. Behemic

c. Lignoceric

d. Cerotic

c. Lignoceric

26C saturated fatty acid.

a. Arachidic acid

b. Behemic

c. Lignoceric

d. Cerotic

d. Cerotic

Common product of lipid pathway metabolism.

a. Myristic acid

b. Palmitic acid

c. Stearic acid

d. Arachidic acid

b. Palmitic acid

Constituent of castor oil except:

a. Ricin

b. Ricinine

c. Azelaic acid

d. Ricinoleic acid

e. None

e. None

Toxic constituent of castor oil.

a. Ricin

b. Ricinine

c. Azelaic acid

d. Ricinoleic acid

a. Ricin

Alkaloid constituent of castor oil.

a. Ricin

b. Ricinine

c. Azelaic acid

d. Ricinoleic acid

b. Ricinine

Anti-acne constituent of castor oil.

a. Ricin

b. Ricinine

c. Azelaic acid

d. Ricinoleic acid

c. Azelaic acid

Anti-fungal agent from pyrolysis of ricinoleic acid from castor oil.

a. Ricin

b. Ricinine

c. Azelaic acid

d. Undecylenic acid

d. Undecylenic acid

Stimulant cathartic constituent of castor oil.

a. Ricin

b. Ricinine

c. Azelaic acid

d. Ricinoleic acid

d. Ricinoleic acid

Pharmaceutical aid, dental retardant, demulcent, laxative, emollient.

a. Olive oil

b. Sweet oil

c. Salad oil

d. a and b

e. b and c

f. All

f. All - All are other names of olive oil

Crushed pulp with less pressure.

a. First grade olive oil

b. 2nd grade olive oil

c. Technical grade olive oil

d. Lower grade olive oil

e. Sulfur grade olive oil

f. Tournament grade olive oil

a. First grade olive oil

Crushed pulp with more pressure.

a. 1st grade olive oil

b. 2nd grade olive oil

c. Technical grade olive oil

d. Sulfur grade olive oil

e. Tournament grade olive oil

b. 2nd grade olive oil

Pulp mixed with hot water that is pressed again.

a. 1st grade olive oil

b. 2nd grade olive oil

c. Technical grade olive oil

d. Sulfur grade olive oil

e. Tournament grade olive oil

c. Technical grade olive oil

Pulp is extracted with carbon disulphide.

a. 1st grade olive oil

b. 2nd grade olive oil

c. Technical grade olive oil

d. Sulfur grade olive oil

e. Tournament grade olive oil

d. Sulfur grade olive oil

Obtained when fallen, decomposed or refuse olivesare allowed to ferment.

a. 1st grade olive oil

b. 2nd grade olive oil

c. Technical grade olive oil

d. Sulfur grade olive oil

e. Tournament grade olive oil

e. Tournament grade olive oil

From Arachis hypogaea. Used as solvent for IM injection.

a. Peanut oil

b. Rapeseed oil

c. Linseed oil

d. Fish oil

e. Corn oil

a. Peanut oil

Germ oil cake for livestock feed.

a. Peanut oil

b. Rapeseed oil

c. Linseed oil

d. Fish oil

e. Corn oil

e. Corn oil

Oil used as solvent for IM injection except:

a. Cottonseed oil

b. Corn oil

c. Peanut oil

d. Sesame oil

e. None

e. None

From Brassica campestris which contaibs erucic acid. It has a bland taste and has no clouding upon refrigeration. It used as salad oil/dressing.

a. Peanut oil

b. Rapeseed oil

c. Linseed oil

d. Fish oil

b. Rapeseed oil

Canola oil or lear oil.

a. Peanut oil

b. Rapeseed oil

c. Linseed oil

d. Fish oil

b. Rapeseed oil

Iodine value of >120

Undergo oxidation

Tough and hard film

a. Drying oil

b. Semi-drying oil

c. Non-drying oil

a. Drying oil

Iodine value of 100-120

Underdo oxidation

Not tough and hard film

a. Drying oil

b. Semi-drying oil

c. Non-drying oil

b. Semi-drying oil

Iodine value of <120

No oxidation

No tough and hard film

a. Drying oil

b. Semi-drying oil

c. Non-drying oil

c. Non-drying oil

Drying oil:

I. Linseed oil

II. Fish oil

III. Cottonseed oil

IV. Sesame oil

V. Olive oil

VI. Almond oil

a. I, II

b. III, IV

c. V, VI

d. I, II, III

e. IV, V

a. I, II

Linseed oil

Fish oil

Semi-drying oil:

I. Linseed oil

II. Fish oil

III. Cottonseed oil

IV. Sesame oil

V. Olive oil

VI. Almond oil

a. I, II

b. III, IV

c. V, VI

d. I, II, III

e. IV, V

b. III, IV

Cottonseed oil

Sesame oil

Non-drying oil:

I. Linseed oil

II. Fish oil

III. Cottonseed oil

IV. Sesame oil

V. Olive oil

VI. Almond oil

a. I, II

b. III, IV

c. V, VI

d. I, II, III

e. IV, V

c. V, VI

Olive oil

Almond oil

Physical tests for fats and fixed oils except:

a. Specific Gravity

b Refractive index

c. Viscosity

d. Melting/Solidification point

e. None

e. None

Chemical test for fats and fixed oils (quantitative test) except:

a. Acid value

b. Ester value

c. Saponification/Koettsdorfer value

d. Hydroxyl value

e. Iodine value

f. None

f. None

# of mg of KOH required to neutralize the free acids in 1g

Determine the degree of rancidity

Longer the storage, higher this value

a. Acid value

b. Ester value

c. Saponification/Koettsdorfer value

d. Hydroxyl value

e. Iodine value

a. Acid value

# of mg of KOH required to saponify the esters on 1g

Acid value - saponification value

a. Acid value

b. Ester value

c. Saponification/Koettsdorfer value

d. Hydroxyl value

e. Iodine value

b. Ester value

# of mg of KOH required to neutralize free fatty acids and saponify esters

a. Acid value

b. Ester value

c. Saponification/Koettsdorfer value

d. Hydroxyl value

e. Iodine value

c. Saponification/Koettsdorfer value

# of mg of KOH equivalent to OH content of 1g substance

a. Acid value

b. Ester value

c. Saponification/Koettsdorfer value

d. Hydroxyl value

e. Iodine value

d. Hydroxyl value

# of mg of Iodine absorbed by 100g substance

Measure the degree of unsaturation

a. Acid value

b. Ester value

c. Saponification/Koettsdorfer value

d. Hydroxyl value

e. Iodine value

e. Iodine value

Lower saponification value.

a. Long chain fatty acids

b. Short chain fatty acids

a. Long chain fatty acids

Higher saponification value.

a. Long chain fatty acids

b. Short chain fatty acids

b. Short chain fatty acids

Responsible for the acridity of over-heated fixed oil fat.

a. Acrolein (Propenal)

b. Acetylene

c. Brucine

d. Lecithin

a. Acrolein (Propenal)

Substance present in soybean that can be found in number of proprietary products that are useful in controlling derange lipid and cholesterol metabolism.

a. Acrolein (Propenal)

b. Acetylene

c. Brucine

d. Lecithin

d. Lecithin

All are polyunsaturated fixed oil.

Soybean oil

Cottonseed oil

Sasame oil

Almond oil

Persic oil

Coconut oil

Corn oil

Sunflower oil

a. True

b. False

a. True

Glycine soja

Contain stigmasterol which is the precursor of steroidal hormones

a. Soybean oil

b. Cottonseed oil

c. Sesame oil

d. Almond oil

a. Soybean oil

Gossypium hirsutum

a. Soybean oil

b. Cottonseed oil

c. Sesame oil

d. Almond oil

b. Cottonseed oil

Toxic principle in cottonseed cake which can cause male infertility.

a. Gossypol

b. Urushiol

c. Naringin

d. Brucine

a. Gossypol

Identification for cotton seed oil.

a. Halphen-Bevan test

b. Badouin test

c. Serger test

d. Milon's test

a. Halphen-Bevan test

Sesamum indicum

Tee oil or benne oil

Sesamol, Sesamolin

a. Soybean oil

b. Cottonseed oil

c. Sesame oil

d. Almond oil

c. Sesame oil

Synergist for pyrethrum insecticide.

a. Sesamol

b. Sesamolin

b. Sesamolin

Identification test for sesame oil.

a. Halphen-Bevan test

b. Badouin test

c. Serger test

d. Milon's test

b. Badouin test

Prunus amygdalus

Expressed Almond Oil or Sweet Almond Oil

a. Soybean oil

b. Cottonseed oil

c. Sesame oil

d. Almond oil

d. Almond oil

Apricot kernel oil or peach kernel oil

Apricot, Prunus armeniaca

a. Persic oil

b. Coconut oil

c. Corn oil

d. Sunflower oil

a. Persic oil

Cocos nucifera

More of saturated FA (80%); mostly lauric (50%) and myristic (20%)

a. Persic oil

b. Coconut oil

c. Corn oil

d. Sunflower oil

b. Coconut oil

Zea mays

Vehicle for IM injection

a. Persic oil

b. Coconut oil

c. Corn oil

d. Sunflower oil

c. Corn oil

From Carthamus tinctorius which has claimed antilipemic activity.

a. Persic oil

b. Coconut oil

c. Corn oil

d. Sunflower oil

e. Safflower oil

e. Safflower oil