Water Chemistry, Proportions, and Polynomial Rate of Change

This flashcard set covers the molecular structure and properties of water (including bonding and polarity), mathematical techniques for solving proportions, and calculating the average rate of change for polynomial functions.

Hydrogen Bond

The attraction between the side of a water molecule with a partial negative charge ($\delta-$) and the side with a partial positive charge ($\delta+$).

Covalent Bond

A bond formed by a pair of electrons shared between an oxygen atom and a hydrogen atom within a water molecule.

Electronegative

A property of an atom, such as oxygen, that causes it to "hog" electrons, meaning electrons spend more time on its side of the molecule.

$\delta$ (Delta)

A Greek letter used to signify a partial charge.

Partial Positive Charge ($\delta+$)

A charge that forms on the hydrogen side of a water molecule because of a slight deficiency of electrons.

Partial Negative Charge ($\delta-$)

A charge that forms on the non-hydrogen (oxygen) side of a water molecule where electrons spend more time.

Lone Electron Pairs

Two pairs of electrons on the oxygen atom that are not shared in bonds and repel each other.

Tetrahedral Shape

The general shape of the oxygen molecule's electron arrangement, resulting from the repulsion of electron pairs.

Cohesion

The attraction between water molecules that allows them to break, reform, and flow past each other, giving water its fluid nature.

Cross Multiplying

A method to solve a proportion, such as $\frac{8}{10} = \frac{n}{36}$, by multiplying diagonally (e.g., $8 \times n = 36 \times 10$).

Average Rate of Change

The measure of a function's change over a specific interval, such as determining if $h(x) = \frac{1}{8}x^3 - x^2$ is positive between $6 \leq x \leq 8$.