AP BIOLOGY CHAPTER 6

what is an anabolic pathway

Energy requiring reactions that take simple molecules and build more complex molecules

What is a catabolic pathway?

Energy releasing reaction that breaks down complex molecules

Example of a catabolic pathway

Cellular respiration

Example of anabolic pathway

Photosynthesis

What is energy?

Ability to do work

What is the first law of thermodynamics?

Energy cannot be created nor destroyed

What is the second law of thermodynamics?

Energy cannot be transformed without the loss of usable energy

What is free energy?

Portion of energy available to do work in a system

What does ΔG represent?

Change in free energy during a reaction

What does a negative ΔG indicate?

Reaction is exergonic

What does a positive ΔG indicate?

Reaction is endergonic and requires energy input

How does ATP store energy?

High energy phosphate bonds

How does ATP release energy?

Through hydrolysis

How do enzymes speed reactions?

By lowering activation energy

What is the activation site?

Region of an enzyme where the substrate binds

What is a substrate?

The reactant an enzyme binds on

What is the induced fit model?

Active site changes shape to fit the substrate upon binding

How does temp affect enzyme activity?

High temps increase activity until denaturation

What is denaturation

Loss of enzyme shape and function because of extreme conditions

What is a competitive inhibitor?

Molecules that competes with the substrate for the active site

What is feedback inhibition?

When the end product of a pathway inhibits an earlier enzyme

What is kinetic energy?

Energy of motion

What is potential energy?

Stored energy

What is chemical energy?

Potential energy stores in bonds between atoms released during chemical reactions

What is mechanical energy?

Energy an object had because of its potential or kinetic energy

what is entropy?

The disorganization in the universe according to the second law of thermodynamics

What is ADP?

Lower energy molecule formed when ATP loses a phosphate

What are coupled reactions?

When an exergonic reaction drives and endergonic reaction

What is a ribozyme?

RNA molecule that functions as an enzyme

What is a metabolic pathway?

Series of enzyme-controlled reactions converting a substrate into a product

What is oxidation?

Loss of electrons

What is reduction?

Gain of electrons